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Giản thể: 计划生育和开放二胎
2015年十月底，“开放二胎”的新闻占领了中国各大报纸的头条。国外的媒体也纷纷发表文章报道这个消息。中国的民众其实并不觉得意外，因为从这几年的情况来看，“开放二胎”是早晚的事情。
对于我们80后来说，很多人都是独生子女。我不是，我有妹妹。在美国的时候，同事听说我有妹妹都非常诧异。我想一部分原因是国外的媒体常常把中国大陆的计划生育政策翻译成：One-child Policy。事实上，这种翻译并不准确。计划生育并不单单是“只能生一个孩子”。
我认识的很多80后的独生子女都有这样一些特征。比如，生活在城市。当年，计划生育政策在城市执行得特别严格。再比如，父母在政府、医院、学校、国营企业等等这一类单位工作。如果这些父母违反了计划生育的国策，很有可能会丧失晋升机会，甚至丢了饭碗。所以这些家庭基本上都只有一个孩子。
在农村，如果第一个孩子是男孩，那么只能有一个孩子。第一个孩子如果是女孩，就可以再生一个。中国是一个以农业为主的国家，农村人需要做比较繁重的体力劳动，所以需要男劳动力。事实上，80年代因为计划生育政策还有不少被送走的孩子。农村家庭的父母如果第二胎仍然是女儿，有的人就会把孩子悄悄地送给别的人家。我有一个高中同学，他的姐姐就被送走了。多年之后这个女孩才能和亲生父母相认。
还有一种情况：父母中，只要有一方是少数民族，也可以生两个孩子。所以，计划生育并不是简单的只能生一个孩子。
你可能会问：如果有人违反了这个政策，又会怎样？如果孩子没生下来，被发现了，怀孕的妈妈很有可能会被送到医院强制引产。这是非常不人道的事情，80年代的中国发生了很多这样的悲剧。中国的诺贝尔文学奖获得者莫言在他的长篇小说《蛙》中就叙述了相关的情景。如果孩子出生了，那就会面临着一定数额的罚款，对当时的中国家庭来说，这笔罚款是比较昂贵的。
2013年的时候，官方政策调整，提出了“单独二孩”政策，夫妻双方有一个是独生子女的，就可以生育两个孩子。从“单独二孩”到“开放二胎”只有两年，可见这三十多年来中国因为计划生育人口出生率下降了不少，中国也逐步迈入老龄化社会。加上目前的性别比失衡，政府试图通过调整生育政策，通过开放二胎来缓解这些问题。
“开放二胎”意味着只要是有合法夫妻关系的两个人，就可以生育两个子女。但是目前很多人表示即使政策允许生，二胎也不是“想生就能生”的。不过，至少大家多了一种选择，对吗？在我看来，这终归是一件好事。
Phồn thể: 計劃生育和開放二胎
2015年十月底，“開放二胎”的新聞佔領了中國各大報紙的頭條。國外的媒體也紛紛發表文章報導這個消息。中國的民眾其實並不覺得意外，因為從這幾年的情況來看，“開放二胎”是早晚的事情。
對於我們80後來說，很多人都是獨生子女。我不是，我有妹妹。在美國的時候，同事聽說我有妹妹都非常詫異。我想一部分原因是國外的媒體常常把中國大陸的計劃生育政策翻譯成：One-child Policy。事實上，這種翻譯並不准確。計劃生育並不單單是“只能生一個孩子”。
我認識的很多80後的獨生子女都有這樣一些特徵。比如，生活在城市。當年，計劃生育政策在城市執行得特別嚴格。再比如，父母在政府、醫院、學校、國營企業等等這一類單位工作。如果這些父母違反了計劃生育的國策，很有可能會喪失晉昇機會，甚至丟了飯碗。所以這些家庭基本上都只有一個孩子。
在農村，如果第一個孩子是男孩，那麼只能有一個孩子。第一個孩子如果是女孩，就可以再生一個。中國是一個以農業為主的國家，農村人需要做比較繁重的體力勞動，所以需要男勞動力。事實上，80年代因為計劃生育政策還有不少被送走的孩子。農村家庭的父母如果第二胎仍然是女兒，有的人就會把孩子悄悄地送給別的人家。我有一個高中同學，他的姐姐就被送走了。多年之後這個女孩才能和親生父母相認。
還有一種情況：父母中，只要有一方是少數民族，也可以生兩個孩子。所以，計劃生育並不是簡單的只能生一個孩子。
你可能會問：如果有人違反了這個政策，又會怎樣？如果孩子沒生下來，被發現了，懷孕的媽媽很有可能會被送到醫院強制引產。這是非常不人道的事情，80年代的中國發生了很多這樣的悲劇。中國的諾貝爾文學獎獲得者莫言在他的長篇小說《蛙》中就敘述了相關的情景。如果孩子出生了，那就會面臨著一定數額的罰款，對當時的中國家庭來說，這筆罰款是比較昂貴的。
2013年的時候，官方政策調整，提出了“單獨二孩”政策，夫妻雙方有一個是獨生子女的，就可以生育兩個孩子。從“單獨二孩”到“開放二胎”只有兩年，可見這三十多年來中國因為計劃生育人口出生率下降了不少，中國也逐步邁入老齡化社會。加上目前的性別比失衡，政府試圖通過調整生育政策，通過開放二胎來緩解這些問題。
“開放二胎”意味著只要是有合法夫妻關係的兩個人，就可以生育兩個子女。但是目前很多人表示即使政策允許生，二胎也不是“想生就能生”的。不過，至少大家多了一種選擇，對嗎？在我看來，這終歸是一件好事。
Pinyin: Jìhuà shēngyù hé kāifàng èr tāi
2015 nián shí yuèdǐ,“kāifàng èr tāi” de xīnwén zhànlǐngle zhōngguó gè dà bàozhǐ de tóutiáo. Guówài de méitǐ yě fēnfēn fābiǎo wénzhāng bàodào zhège xiāoxī. Zhōngguó de mínzhòng qíshí bìng bù juédé yìwài, yīnwèi cóng zhè jǐ nián de qíngkuàng lái kàn,“kāifàng èr tāi” shì zǎowǎn de shìqíng.
Duìyú wǒmen 80 hòulái shuō, hěnduō rén dōu shì dúshēngzǐnǚ. Wǒ bùshì, wǒ yǒu mèimei. Zài měiguó de shíhòu, tóngshì tīng shuō wǒ yǒu mèimei dōu fēicháng chàyì. Wǒ xiǎng yībùfèn yuányīn shì guówài de méitǐ chángcháng bǎ zhōngguó dàlù de jìhuà shēngyù zhèngcè fānyì chéng:One-child Policy. Shìshí shàng, zhè zhǒng fānyì bìng bù zhǔnquè. Jìhuà shēngyù bìng bù dāndān shì “zhǐ néngshēng yīgè háizi”.
Wǒ rènshì de hěnduō 80 hòu de dúshēngzǐ nǚ dōu yǒu zhèyàng yīxiē tèzhēng. Bǐrú, shēnghuó zài chéngshì. Dāngnián, jìhuà shēngyù zhèngcè zài chéngshì zhíxíng de tèbié yángé. Zài bǐrú, fùmǔ zài zhèngfǔ, yīyuàn, xuéxiào, guóyíng qǐyè děng děng zhè yī lèi dānwèi gōngzuò. Rúguǒ zhèxiē fùmǔ wéifǎnle jìhuà shēngyù de guócè, hěn yǒu kěnéng huì sàngshī jìnshēng jīhuì, shènzhì diūle fànwǎn. Suǒyǐ zhèxiē jiātíng jīběn shàng dõu zhǐyǒuyīgè háizi.
Zài nóngcūn, rúguǒ dì yīgè háizi shì nánhái, nàme zhǐ néng yǒu yīgè háizi. Dì yīgè háizi rúguǒ shì nǚhái, jiù kěyǐ zàishēng yīgè. Zhōngguó shì yīgè yǐ nóngyè wéi zhǔ de guójiā, nóngcūn rén xūyào zuò bǐjiào fánzhòng de tǐlì láodòng, suǒyǐ xūyào nán láodònglì. Shìshí shàng,80 niándài yīnwèi jìhuà shēngyù zhèngcè hái yǒu bù shǎo bèi sòng zǒu de háizi. Nóngcūn jiātíng de fùmǔ rúguǒ dì èr tāi réngrán shì nǚ’ér, yǒu de rén jiù huì bǎ háizi qiāoqiāo de sòng gěi bié de rénjiā. Wǒ yǒu yīgè gāozhōng tóngxué, tā de jiějiě jiù bèi sòng zǒule. Duōnián zhīhòu zhège nǚhái cáinéng hé qīnshēng fùmǔ xiāng rèn.
Hái yǒu yī zhǒng qíngkuàng: Fùmǔ zhōng, zhǐyào yǒu yīfāng shì shǎoshù mínzú, yě kěyǐ shēng liǎng gè háizi. Suǒyǐ, jìhuà shēngyù bìng bùshì jiǎndān de zhǐ néngshēng yī gè háizi.
Nǐ kěnéng huì wèn: Rúguǒ yǒurén wéifǎnle zhège zhèngcè, yòu huì zěnyàng? Rúguǒ háizi méi shēng xiàlái, pī fà xiàn le, huáiyùn de māmā hěn yǒu kěnéng huì bèi sòng dào yīyuàn qiángzhì yǐnchǎn. Zhè shì fēicháng bùréndào de shìqíng,80 niándài de zhōngguó fāshēngle hěnduō zhèyàng de bēijù. Zhōngguó de nuò bèi’ěr wénxué jiǎng huòdé zhě mòyán zài tā de chángpiān xiǎoshuō “wā” zhōng jiù xùshùle xiāngguān de qíngjǐng. Rúguǒ hái zǐ chūshēngle, nà jiù huì miànlínzhe yīdìng shù’é de fákuǎn, duì dāngshí de zhōngguó jiātíng lái shuō, zhè bǐ fákuǎn shì bǐjiào ángguì de.
2013 Nián de shíhòu, guānfāng zhèngcè tiáozhěng, tíchūle “dāndú èr hái” zhèngcè, fūqī shuāngfāng yǒu yī gè shì dúshēngzǐ nǚ de, jiù kěyǐ shēngyù liǎng gè háizi. Cóng “dāndú èr hái” dào “kāifàng èr tāi” zhǐyǒu liǎng nián, kějiàn zhè sānshí duō nián lái zhōngguó yīnwèi jìhuà shēngyù rénkǒu chūshēnglǜ xià jiàng liǎo bù shǎo, zhōngguó yě zhúbù mài rù lǎolíng huà shèhuì. Jiā shàng mùqián dì xìngbié bǐ shīhéng, zhèngfǔ shìtú tōngguò tiáozhěng shēngyù zhèngcè, tōngguò kāifàng èr tāi lái huǎnjiě zhèxiē wèntí.
“Kāifàng èr tāi” yìwèizhe zhǐyào shi yǒu héfǎ fūqī guānxì de liǎng gèrén, jiù kěyǐ shēngyù liǎng gè zǐ nǚ. Dànshì mùqián hěnduō rén biǎoshì jíshǐ zhèngcè yǔnxǔ shēng, èr tāi yě bùshì “xiǎng shēng jiù néngshēng” de. Bùguò, zhìshǎo dàjiā duōle yī zhǒng xuǎnzé, duì ma? Zài wǒ kàn lái, zhè zhōngguī shì yī jiàn hǎoshì.
English: Family Planning and ‘Kaifang Ertai’
With regards to those of us born in the 80’s and onwards, many are only children. I am not; I have a younger sister. In America, when my classmates heard that I had a younger sister they were astonished. I think that one reason is because foreign media often translate mainland China’s (2) family policy as: the One Child Policy. In fact, this translation is far from accurate. The policy of family planning is not simply a policy of “only being allowed to give birth to one child.”
I know many only children born in the 80’s and onwards who all share a few similar characteristics. For example, living in the city: in those days, the family planning policy was rigorously implemented in cities. Another example, their parents work in politics, hospitals, educational institutions, state owned enterprises etc. All departmental kind of jobs. If these parents violated Family Planning’s national policy, there was a good chance of forfeiting one’s opportunity for promotion, and even the chance of loosing one’s job entirely. So basically, this kind of family all have just one child.
In rural China, if the first child is boy then they may only have one child. If the first child is a girl, then they may have another child. China is a country which attaches great importance to agriculture, and those in the country-side have to do quite heavy physical labour, so they need a male labour force. In fact, in the 80’s, because of the family planning policy, there were quite a few children who were ‘sent off’: in rural families, if the second born was yet another girl some people would quietly give the child away to another family. I have a classmate from senior middle school whose elder sister was given away. It wasn’t until many years later that this girl could finally get to know her biological parents.
There is another situation: if at least one of the parents was from an ethnic minority they were allowed to have (3) two children. So family planning was definitely not simply about being allowed to have only one child.
Perhaps you will ask: if somone violates this policy, what happens then? If the baby hasn’t been born yet and is discovered, it is very likely that the pregnant mother will be taken to hospital and given a forced induction abortion. (6) This is an extremely inhumane thing to do and in 1980’s China many such tragedies occurred. In his novel ‘Frog’, the Chinese winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, author Mo Yan, recounts related situations. If the child is born, they will be faced with a fine of a set amount, which for Chinese families of the time was quite high.
After 2013 there was an adjustment in government policy and the policy of ‘dandu erhai’ (4) was proposed: if either partner were an only child then that couple could have two children. It only took two years to go from ‘dandu erhai’ to ‘kaifong ertai’ and it can be clearly seen that the fall in the birthrate in China and the aging of the Chinese population have a close connection with the ‘one child policy’. (5)
‘Kaifang ertai’’ means that any legally married couple may have two children. but at present many people have expressed the view that even if goverment policy allows it, a second child is not a matter of ‘wanting to have another child so we’ll have another child’. But at least now everyone has an option, right? The way I see it, in the end this is a good thing.
1) I’ve stuck with the Chinese as it’s the name of the policy and just too cumbersome to translate into normal English each time: ‘Lifting of ban on second pregnancy’.
Interesting use of ‘Mainland China’.
2) Admittedly even in English that used to be a common expression but no longer. We just assume any reference to China will be to ‘Mainland China’… as we don’t consider Taiwan to be part of China.
3) Note the use of 生 here where English uses ‘have’.
4) 单独 = single (child) 二孩 = two children… i.e. an only child could have two children.
5) Although the essay points out that this is a mistranslation of the Chinese term… it is still the accepted English term so easier to use.
6) The dictionary only gives ‘induction’ here whereas we always hear of ‘forced abortions’ in China. Semantics I suppose, but here ‘forced induction’ refers to a particular type of abortion.
Robert Budzul (robert@budzul.com)
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