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Giản thể: 户口
在中国，户口是一个很重要的东西。一般来说，小孩子出生之后父母都要去给孩子“上户口”。也许你听过“上班”、“上课”，大约还是第一次听说“上户口”吧？事实上，父母在决定生孩子之前就要去申请《准生证》，没有这个证，孩子出生后“上户口”就会很麻烦。这个证估计也是中国特有的，现在有些地方已经改了名字，叫《计划生育服务证》。
中国的户口主要分成两种类型：农业户口和非农业户口。你出生了，父母给你“上户口”之后，你就有了户口。这个户口是在你父母的户口本上的。如果你去上大学，户口也可以迁移到大学所在的城市，毕业后找工作，如果找到的工作单位可以解决户口问题，那么就可以在工作所在地“落户”。也有不少人找的工作单位不能解决户口问题，那么户口就要迁回原籍（上大学前户口所在的地方）。
除了工作，有的人还会在城市里买房子，以前买了房子也能当地有一个户口，现在很多地方已经不可以了，反而是必须先有户口，才能在当地买房子。
有种房子叫“学区房”，这种房子附近通常有很好的中小学。父母为了孩子能在这个学校上学，就在学校附近买“学区房”，通过买学区房，有了当地的户口，孩子才能在这个学校上学。最近电视剧《虎妈猫爸》里讨论过这个话题。
以前，中国还出现过“高考移民”。因为不同的大学在不同的省录取的人数不一样，比如北京大学和清华大学在北京录取的人比在其他地方录取的人多得多。很多父母为了孩子能够更容易考进北大和清华就去北京买房子，让孩子有北京户口。这些孩子就被称作“高考移民”。在我读高中的时候，大约是十年前，“高考移民”特别流行。现在可能少一些了，现在很多有钱的中国人都把孩子送到欧美国家去读大学了。
也有一些人在中国属于没有户口的“黑户”。他们或许是因为计划生育政策，属于“超生”的孩子；或许是因为父母没有结婚。没有户口，常常就意味着没有身份证。对这些人来说，读书、工作、生活，都会很不方便。
Phồn thể: 戶口
在中國，戶口是一個很重要的東西。一般來說，小孩子出生之後父母都要去給孩子“上戶口”。也許你聽過“上班”、“上課”，大約還是第一次聽說“上戶口”吧？事實上，父母在決定生孩子之前就要去申請《準生證》，沒有這個證，孩子出生後“上戶口”就會很麻煩。這個證估計也是中國特有的，現在有些地方已經改了名字，叫《計劃生育服務證》。
中國的戶口主要分成兩種類型：農業戶口和非農業戶口。你出生了，父母給你“上戶口”之後，你就有了戶口。這個戶口是在你父母的戶口本上的。如果你去上大學，戶口也可以遷移到大學所在的城市，畢業後找工作，如果找到的工作單位可以解決戶口問題，那麼就可以在工作所在地“落戶”。也有不少人找的工作單位不能解決戶口問題，那麼戶口就要遷回原籍（上大學前戶口所在的地方）。
除了工作，有的人還會在城市裡買房子，以前買了房子也能當地有一個戶口，現在很多地方已經不可以了，反而是必須先有戶口，才能在當地買房子。
有種房子叫“學區房”，這種房子附近通常有很好的中小學。父母為了孩子能在這個學校上學，就在學校附近買“學區房”，通過買學區房，有了當地的戶口，孩子才能在這個學校上學。最近電視劇《虎媽貓爸》裡討論過這個話題。
以前，中國還出現過“高考移民”。因為不同的大學在不同的省錄取的人數不一樣，比如北京大學和清華大學在北京錄取的人比在其他地方錄取的人多得多。很多父母為了孩子能夠更容易考進北大和清華就去北京買房子，讓孩子有北京戶口。這些孩子就被稱作“高考移民”。在我讀高中的時候，大約是十年前，“高考移民”特別流行。現在可能少一些了，現在很多有錢的中國人都把孩子送到歐美國家去讀大學了。
也有一些人在中國屬於沒有戶口的“黑戶”。他們或許是因為計劃生育政策，屬於“超生”的孩子；或許是因為父母沒有結婚。沒有戶口，常常就意味著沒有身份證。對這些人來說，讀書、工作、生活，都會很不方便。
Pinyin: Hùkǒu
Zài zhōngguó, hùkǒu shì yīgè hěn zhòngyào de dōngxī. Yībān lái shuō, xiǎo hái zǐ chūshēng zhīhòu fùmǔ dōu yào qù gěi háizi “shàng hùkǒu”. Yěxǔ nǐ tīngguò “shàngbān”,“shàngkè”, dàyuē háishì dì yī cì tīng shuō “shàng hùkǒu” ba? Shìshí shàng, fùmǔ zài juédìng shēng hái zǐ zhīqián jiù yào qù shēnqǐng “zhǔnshēngzhèng”, méiyǒu zhège zhèng, hái zǐ chūshēng hòu “shàng hùkǒu” jiù huì hěn máfan. Zhège zhèng gūjì yěshì zhōngguó tèyǒu de, xiànzài yǒuxiē dìfāng yǐjīng gǎile míngzì, jiào “jìhuà shēngyù fúwù zhèng”.
Zhōngguó de hùkǒu zhǔyào fēnchéng liǎng zhǒnglèi xíng: Nóngyè hùkǒu hé fēi nóngyè hùkǒu. Nǐ chūshēngle, fùmǔ gěi nǐ “shàng hùkǒu” zhīhòu, nǐ jiù yǒule hùkǒu. Zhège hùkǒu shì zài nǐ fùmǔ de hùkǒu běn shàng de. Rúguǒ nǐ qù shàng dàxué, hùkǒu yě kěyǐ qiānyí dào dàxué suǒzài de chéngshì, bìyè hòu zhǎo gōngzuò, rúguǒ zhǎodào de gōngzuò dānwèi kěyǐ jiějué hùkǒu wèntí, nàme jiù kěyǐ zài gōngzuò suǒzàidì “luòhù”. Yěyǒu bù shǎo rén zhǎo de gōngzuò dānwèi bùnéng jiějué hùkǒu wèntí, nàme hùkǒu jiù yào qiān huí yuánjí (shàng dàxué qián hùkǒu suǒzài de dìfāng).
Chúle gōngzuò, yǒu de rén hái huì zài chéngshì lǐ mǎi fángzi, yǐqián mǎile fángzi yě néng yǒu yīgè dāngdì hùkǒu, xiànzài hěnduō dìfāng yǐjīng bù kěyǐle, fǎn’ér shì bìxū xiān yǒu hùkǒu, cáinéng zài dāngdì mǎi fángzi.
Yǒu zhǒng fángzi jiào “xuéqū fáng”, zhè zhǒng fángzi fùjìn tōngcháng yǒu hěn hǎo de zhōng xiǎoxué. Fùmǔ wèile hái zǐ néng zài zhège xuéxiào shàngxué, jiù zài xuéxiào fùjìn mǎi “xuéqū fáng”, tōngguò mǎi xuéqū fáng, yǒu liǎo dàng dì de hùkǒu, háizi cáinéng zài zhège xuéxiào shàngxué. Zuìjìn diànshìjù “hǔ mā māo bà” lǐ tǎolùnguò zhège huàtí.
Yǐqián, zhōngguó hái chūxiànguò “gāokǎo yímín”. Yīn wéi bùtóng de dàxué zài bùtóng de shěng lùqǔ de rén shǔ bù yīyàng, bǐrú běijīng dàxué hé qīnghuá dàxué zài běijīng lùqǔ de rén bǐ zài qítā dìfāng lùqǔ de rén duō dé duō. Hěnduō fùmǔ wèile hái zǐ nénggòu gèng róngyì kǎo jìn běidà hé qīnghuá jiù qù běijīng mǎi fángzi, ràng háizi yǒu běijīng hùkǒu. Zhèxiē háizi jiù bèi chēng zuò “gāokǎo yímín”. Zài wǒ dú gāozhōng de shíhòu, dàyuē shì shí nián qián,“gāokǎo yímín” tèbié liúxíng. Xiànzài kěnéng shǎo yīxiēle, xiànzài hěnduō yǒu qián de zhōngguó rén dōu bǎ háizi sòng dào ōuměi guójiā qù dú dàxuéle.
Yěyǒu yīxiē rén zài zhōngguó shǔyú méiyǒu hùkǒu de “hēihù”. Tāmen huòxǔ shì yīnwèi jìhuà shēngyù zhèngcè, shǔyú “chāoshēng” de háizi; huòxǔ shì yīnwèi fùmǔ méiyǒu jiéhūn. Méiyǒu hùkǒu, chángcháng jiù yìwèizhe méiyǒu shēnfèn zhèng. Duì zhèxiē rén lái shuō, dúshū, gōngzuò, shēnghuó, dūhuì hěn bù fāngbiàn.
English: Hùkǒu
In China ‘hukou’ is very important. In general, after the birth of a child all parents need to ‘shang hukou’ (2). Perhaps you’ve heard the expressions ‘shang ban’ and ‘shang ke’ but it’s probably the first time that you’ve heard the expression ‘shang hu kou’, right? Actually, parents, before deciding to have children, have to apply for a pregnancy permit; without this certificate, after the child is born ‘shang hukou’ will be a head-ache. I think that this certificate is perculiar to China. Now some places have changed the name and it’s called ‘family planning service certificate’.
Chinese ‘hukou’ is mainly divided into two types: rural ‘hukou’ and non-rural ‘hukou’. After you’re born and your parents have registered your ‘hukou’ you then have a ‘hukou’. This ‘hukou’ is based on your parents’ ‘hukou’. If you go to university your ‘hukou’ can be transferred to the city where you are attending university. After you graduate and are looking for work, if the ‘danwei’ of the place where you have found work can resolve the problem of your ‘hukou’ then you can settle down in the place of your work. But there are a number of people whose ‘danwei’ cannot resolve the problem of their ‘hukou’ so their ‘hukou’ has to be shifted back to where they came from (the place from where they orignated before starting university).
Apart from working in a particular city, some people will buy a house in that city. Previously, once you had bought a house in a city you would then have ‘hukou’ in that city. Nowadays there are many places where this is not the case. Instead you need to have ‘hukou’ first before being able to buy a house in that place.
There is a type of house/apartment called ‘xuequfang’; usually in the vicinity of these houses/apartments there are many good primary schools. So that their children may attend these schools, the parents buy a ‘xuequfang’. It’s only by buying a ‘xuequfang’ and thus having a local ‘hukou’ that the children are able to attend these schools. Recently the television series ‘虎妈猫爸’ discussed this problem. (2)
In the past there was also such a thing as ‘gaokao’ immigration because universtiies recruit different numbers of students from different provinces. For example Peking University and Quinghua University recruit many more students from Beijing than from other areas. So many parents buy houses/apartments in Beijing to give their children Beijing ‘hukou’ to make it easier for them to gain entrance to Peking or Qinghua University. So these children are called ‘gaokao immigrants’. When I was at senior high school, about ten years ago, ‘gaokao’ immigration was really common. Nowadays perhaps not so much as many parents with money send their children overseas to study, in Europe or America.
There are also some people in China that belong to those that don’t have ‘hukou’ at all, the so called ‘heikou’. Perhaps they are ‘heikou’ because they are ‘chaosheng’ (3) children, those that are born and exceeded the number allowed by the family planning authorities; perhaps it’s because their parents weren’t married. Not having a ‘hukou’ usually means that the person won’t have an id card (4). For these people school, work, life… are all problems.
1. This has basically become an English work as well. Everyone know that it gives the right of residence in a certain city. The Soviet Union had something similar. Probably necessary under a planned, communist economy to stop everyone from moving to just a few big cities.
2. Worth watching.
3. What to do when Chinese makes up a word that just doesn’t exist in English. I’ve left it here in Chinese; anything else would be too awkward. This refers to those that are born and exceed what is allowed by the one child policy.
4. Here id doesn’t just refer to something that one might use to get into a nightclub… I believe it refers to an identification card that all Chinese would normally be issued with.
Robert Budzul (robert@budzul.com)
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