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Giản thể: “羊年”的“羊”
在今年春节前，我们班学生在制作春节布置餐厅的海报时发了愁，这羊年的羊到底该怎么画？其中一个学生用谷歌搜了一些图片，然后问我：老师，羊年的羊到底是哪种羊？是Goat，是Sheep，还是Ram？
这个问题可难倒了我，因为在我们中国人看来，这三者差别不大，山羊、绵羊、大角公羊，都是羊啊！
后来，我上网搜了一些资料，发现不仅仅是我的学生有这个疑问，很多外国媒体也都很疑惑：到底是什么羊？然后出现了各种调查，有的人说，从圆明园十二生肖来看，应该是山羊；有的人拍了很多和羊年主题有关的装饰品的照片，分析后发现，各种羊都有，还出现了中国动画片里的喜羊羊、美羊羊，这下大家可乱套了。
外国人会问这个问题是因为，在他们的语言里，比如英语里，不同的羊有不同的名字，这些名字之间没有关系。Goat , sheep, ram 从拼写上看不出相似之处。
但是在中文里，有一对概念叫做“上位词、下位词”，比如：
上位词 下位词
羊 山羊、绵羊
国家 中国、美国、法国、英国
水果 苹果、梨、橙子、香蕉
服装 衣服、裤子
衣服 毛衣、衬衫、外套
因为英语里面缺少表达相对于山羊、绵羊这些词语的上位词“羊”，所以才有了“羊年到底是什么羊”这个问题。
今年，中国人过年因为这个“羊”引起了各国媒体的关注。除了媒体，很多商家推出了中国羊年主题的产品。十二年前，估计没有人讨论这个话题吧？究其原因，一方面，中国在进步，另一方面也多亏了互联网的发展。
Phồn thể: “羊年”的“羊”
在今年春節前，我們班學生在製作春節佈置餐廳的海報時發了愁，這羊年的羊到底該怎麼畫？其中一個學生用谷歌搜了一些圖片，然後問我：老師，羊年的羊到底是哪種羊？是Goat，是Sheep，還是Ram？
這個問題可難倒了我，因為在我們中國人看來，這三者差別不大，山羊、綿羊、大角公羊，都是羊啊！
後來，我上網搜了一些資料，發現不僅僅是我的學生有這個疑問，很多外國媒體也都很疑惑：到底是什麼羊？然後出現了各種調查，有的人說，從圓明園十二生肖來看，應該是山羊；有的人拍了很多和羊年主題有關的裝飾品的照片，分析後發現，各種羊都有，還出現了中國動畫片裡的喜羊羊、美羊羊，這下大家可亂套了。
外國人會問這個問題是因為，在他們的語言裡，比如英語裡，不同的羊有不同的名字，這些名字之間沒有關係。 Goat , sheep, ram 從拼寫上看不出相似之處。
但是在中文裡，有一對概念叫做“上位詞、下位詞”，比如：
上位詞 下位詞
羊 山羊、綿羊
國家 中國、美國、法國、英國
水果 蘋果、梨、橙子、香蕉
服裝 衣服、褲子
衣服 毛衣、襯衫、外套
因為英語裡面缺少表達相對於山羊、綿羊這些詞語的上位詞“羊”，所以才有了“羊年到底是什麼羊”這個問題。
今年，中國人過年因為這個“羊”引起了各國媒體的關注。除了媒體，很多商家推出了中國羊年主題的產品。十二年前，估計沒有人討論這個話題吧？究其原因，一方面，中國在進步，另一方面也多虧了互聯網的發展。
Pinyin: “Yáng nián” de “yáng”
Zài jīnnián chūnjié qián, wǒmen bān xuéshēng zài zhìzuò bùzhì cāntīng dì hǎibào shí fāle chóu, zhè yáng nián de yáng dàodǐ gāi zěnme huà? Qízhōng yīgè xuéshēng yòng gǔgē sōule yīxiē túpiàn, ránhòu wèn wǒ: Lǎoshī, yáng nián de yáng dàodǐ shì nǎ zhǒng yáng? Shì Goat, shì Sheep, háishì Ram?
Zhège wèntí kě nán dǎo le wǒ, yīnwèi zài wǒmen zhōngguó rén kàn lái, zhè sān zhě chābié bù dà, shānyáng, miányáng, dàjiǎo gōng yáng, dōu shì yáng a!
Hòulái, wǒ shàngwǎng sōule yīxiē zīliào, fāxiàn bùjǐn jǐn shì wǒ de xuéshēng yǒu zhège yíwèn, hěnduō wàiguó méitǐ yě dõu hěn yíhuò: Dàodǐ shì shénme yáng? Ránhòu chūxiànle gè zhǒng diàochá, yǒu de rén shuō, cóng yuánmíngyuán shí’èr shēngxiào lái kàn, yīnggāi shì shānyáng; yǒu de rén pāile hěnduō hé yáng nián zhǔtí yǒuguān de zhuāngshì pǐn de zhàopiàn, fēnxī hòu fāxiàn, gè zhǒng yáng dōu yǒu, hái chūxiànle zhōngguó dònghuà piàn lǐ de xǐyángyáng, měi yáng yáng, zhè xià dàjiā kě luàntàole.
Wàiguó rén huì wèn zhège wèntí shì yīnwèi, zài tāmen de yǔyán lǐ, bǐrú yīngyǔ lǐ, bùtóng de yáng yǒu bùtóng de míngzì, zhèxiē míngzì zhī jiān méiyǒu guānxì.Goat, sheep, ram cóng pīnxiě shàng kàn bù chū xiāngsì zhī chù.
Dànshì zài zhōngwén lǐ, yǒuyī duì gàiniàn jiàozuò “shàngwèi cí, xiàwèi cí”, bǐrú:
Shàngwèi cí xiàwèi cí
yáng shānyáng, miányáng
guójiā zhōngguó, měiguó, fàguó, yīngguó
shuǐguǒ píngguǒ, lí, chéngzi, xiāngjiāo
fúzhuāng yīfú, kùzi
yīfú máoyī, chènshān, wàitào
yīnwèi yīngyǔ lǐmiàn quēshǎo biǎodá xiāngduì yú shānyáng, miányáng zhèxiē cíyǔ de shàngwèi cí “yáng”, suǒyǐ cái yǒule “yáng nián dàodǐ shì shénme yáng” zhège wèntí.
Jīnnián, zhōngguó rén guònián yīnwèi zhège “yáng” yǐnqǐle gèguó méitǐ de guānzhù. Chúle méitǐ, hěnduō shāngjiā tuīchūle zhōngguó yáng nián zhǔtí de chǎnpǐn. Shí’èr nián qián, gūjì méiyǒu rén tǎolùn zhège huàtí ba? Jiū qí yuányīn, yī fāngmiàn, zhōngguó zài jìnbù, lìng yī fāngmiàn yě duōkuīle hùliánwǎng de fǎ zhǎn.
English: The ‘Yang’ of Year of the ‘Yang’
This year, before Chinese New Year, while my class was making posters for decorating the dining room at Chinese New Year we became concerned about something – how exactly should this ‘yang’ be drawn? One of the students googled a view images and then asked me: (teacher) (5) which ‘yang’ exactly is the ‘yang’ of the year of the ‘yang’? Is it a goat or a sheep or even a long-horned sheep.
This question stumped me because for us Chinese there is not much difference between these three – goat, sheep and bighorn sheep are all ‘yang’.
Later I went on the internet and searched for some information and discovered that it’s not only my students that have this problem; many overseas media are also puzzled: which ‘yang’ exactly is it? Then there were all sorts of surveys. Some people said that judging by the 12 animals of the zodiac at the Old Summer Palace, it should be a goat. Quite a few people have taken pictures of ornaments to do with the year of the ‘yang’ and after analysis it was discovered that all types of ‘yang’ appear in them, even ‘xiyangyang’ and ‘meiyangyang’ from the Chinese cartoon and this could also cause confusion.
Foreigners will ask whether this problem occurs because in their language, for example English, different ‘yang’ each have a different word and these words don’t bear any relationship to each other. From the words goat and sheep it’s not possible to see the points of similarity,
But in Chinese there is a pair of concepts called hypernym and hyponym, for example:
Hypernym Hyponym
‘yang’ goat, sheep
country China, England, France, England
fruit apple, pear, orange, banana
‘fuzhuang’ ‘yifu’, dress
‘yifu’ jumper, shirt, jacket
It’s only because English lacks a corresponding hypernym to ‘yang’ which comprises sheep and goats that we have this question: ‘which ‘yang’ is the ‘yang’ of ‘the year of the ‘yang?’’
This year, Chinese celebrating Chinese New Year have attracted the attention of the media of every country. Apart from the media, many businesses have promoted goods related to the theme of the year of the ‘yang’. Twelve years ago, I suppose no one discussed this problem? Looking at the root cause, on the one hand, China is progressing, on the other hand it’s thanks to the expansion of the internet.
Robert Budzul robert@budzul.com
Zak Gray zak_lives@hotmail.com
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