Thẻ: trung quốc 247

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Chú ý: Đây là tài tiệu đi kèm sách bản cứng Trung Quốc 247: Mái nhà thân thuộc. Tài liệu sẽ có ích và có tác dụng tối đa khi dùng cùng sách bản cứng. Cả nhà có thể xem thêm về sách bản cứng nha!

大家好，今天我们来说一说中国制造，Made in China。Made in China的产品随处可见，但是它的质量却一直受到人们的质疑。那Made in China到底好不好？它为什么会变成今天这个样子？

中国被称为“世界工厂”。维基百科上说，全世界民用产品的20%都来自中国，刚好跟中国人占全世界人口的比例差不多。无论是衣服、鞋子，还是电脑、手机，很多产品上面都有Made in China这个标签。慢速中文也是Made in China。

如果用欧洲的标准来看中国的产品，他们的质量可能不算很好。而且，出口到国外的产品一般比在国内销售的产品质量好一些。有一些中国工厂，他们的第一目标就是赚钱，第二目标才是做出好的产品。所以产品只做到“可以用”或“可以卖”的程度，就可以了。另外，由于设计教育比较落后，有一些中国工厂没有认识到设计的重要性，更不知道要尊重别人的设计。所以出现了很多“山寨”、“抄袭”的产品。但是，中国也有很好的工厂，他们认真地开发产品、制造产品。苹果的电脑和手机也是在中国制造的，这就说明中国也可以生产高质量的产品。

以前，中国的劳动力特别便宜，所以外国的产品在中国生产。但是现在，中国的劳动力不便宜了，外国的订单也越来越少。这个时候，中国的工厂必须生产自己的产品了。以后，Made in China可能会越来越少，但是Designed in China会越来越多。我希望中国的工厂、公司、企业，能够越来越重视设计和产品质量。这样Made in China才能让大家喜欢，同时，中国的设计师和老百姓也会越来越有信心。

大家好，今天我們來說一說中國製造，Made in China。 Made in China的產品隨處可見，但是它的質量卻一直受到人們的質疑。那Made in China到底好不好？它為什麼會變成今天這個樣子？

中國被稱為“世界工廠”。維基百科上說，全世界民用產品的20%都來自中國，剛好跟中國人佔全世界人口的比例差不多。無論是衣服、鞋子，還是電腦、手機，很多產品上面都有Made in China這個標籤。慢速中文也是Made in China。

如果用歐洲的標準來看中國的產品，他們的質量可能不算很好。而且，出口到國外的產品一般比在國內銷售的產品質量好一些。有一些中國工廠，他們的第一目標就是賺錢，第二目標才是做出好的產品。所以產品只做到“可以用”或“可以賣”的程度，就可以了。另外，由於設計教育比較落後，有一些中國工廠沒有認識到設計的重要性，更不知道要尊重別人的設計。所以出現了很多“山寨”、“抄襲”的產品。但是，中國也有很好的工廠，他們認真地開發產品、製造產品。蘋果的電腦和手機也是在中國製造的，這就說明中國也可以生產高質量的產品。

以前，中國的勞動力特別便宜，所以外國的產品在中國生產。但是現在，中國的勞動力不便宜了，外國的訂單也越來越少。這個時候，中國的工廠必須生產自己的產品了。以後，Made in China可能會越來越少，但是Designed in China會越來越多。我希望中國的工廠、公司、企業，能夠越來越重視設計和產品質量。這樣Made in China才能讓大家喜歡，同時，中國的設計師和老百姓也會越來越有信心。

Dàjiā hǎo, jīntiān wǒmen lái shuō yī shuō zhōngguó zhìzào,Made in China.Made in China de chǎnpǐn suíchù kějiàn, dànshì tā de zhìliàng què yīzhí shòudào rénmen de zhíyí. Nà Made in China dàodǐ hǎobù hǎo? Tā wèishéme huì biàn chéng jīntiān zhège yàngzi?

Zhōngguó bèi chēng wèi “shìjiè gōngchǎng”. Wéijī bǎikē shàng shuō, quán shìjiè mínyòng chǎnpǐn de 20%dōu láizì zhōngguó, gānghǎo gēn zhōngguó rén zhàn quán shìjiè rénkǒu de bǐlì chàbùduō. Wúlùn shì yīfú, xiézi, háishì diànnǎo, shǒujī, hěnduō chǎnpǐn shàngmiàn dōu yǒu Made in China zhège biāoqiān. Màn sù zhōngwén yěshì Made in China.

Rúguǒ yòng ōuzhōu de biāozhǔn lái kàn zhòng guó de chǎnpǐn, tāmen de zhìliàng kěnéng bù suàn hěn hǎo. Érqiě, chūkǒu dào guówài de chǎnpǐn yībān bǐ zài guónèi xiāoshòu di chǎnpǐn zhí liàng hǎo yīxiē. Yǒu yīxiē zhōngguó gōngchǎng, tāmen de dì yī mùbiāo jiùshì zhuànqián, dì èr mùbiāo cái shì zuò chū hǎo de chǎnpǐn. Suǒyǐ chǎnpǐn zhǐ zuò dào “kěyǐ yòng” huò “kěyǐ mài” de chéngdù, jiù kěyǐle. Lìngwài, yóuyú shèjì jiàoyù bǐjiào luòhòu, yǒu yīxiē zhōngguó gōngchǎng méiyǒu rènshì dào shèjì de zhòngyào xìng, gèng bù zhīdào yào zūnzhòng biérén de shèjì. Suǒyǐ chūxiànle hěnduō “shānzhài”,“chāoxí” de chǎnpǐn. Dànshì, zhōngguó yěyǒu hěn hǎo de gōngchǎng, tāmen rènzhēn de kāifā chǎnpǐn, zhìzào chǎnpǐn. Píngguǒ de diànnǎo hé shǒujī yěshì zài zhōngguó zhìzào de, zhè jiù shuōmíng zhōngguó yě kěyǐ shēngchǎn gāo zhìliàng de chǎnpǐn.

Yǐqián, zhōngguó de láodònglì tèbié piányí, suǒyǐ wàiguó de chǎnpǐn zài zhōngguó shēngchǎn. Dànshì xiànzài, zhōngguó de láodònglì bù piányíle, wàiguó de dìngdān yě yuè lái yuè shǎo. Zhège shíhòu, zhōngguó de gōngchǎng bìxū shēngchǎn zìjǐ de chǎnpǐnle. Yǐhòu,Made in China kěnéng huì yuè lái yuè shǎo, dànshì Designed in China huì yuè lái yuè duō. Wǒ xīwàng zhōngguó de gōngchǎng, gōngsī, qǐyè, nénggòu yuè lái yuè zhòngshì shèjì hé chǎnpǐn zhí liàng. Zhèyàng Made in China cáinéng ràng dàjiā xǐhuān, tóngshí, zhōngguó de shèjì shī hé lǎobǎixìng yě huì yuè lái yuè yǒu xìnxīn.

Hello everyone, today let us talk about ‘made in China’. Goods made in China can be seen everywhere but their quality is continuously called into question (1). So when all is said and done is ‘Made in China’ a good or bad thing? Why has it become the way it is today?

China has been called ‘the world’s factory’. According to wikipedia 20% of goods for non-military use in the entire world come from China. which is just about the same as the proportion of Chinese to the world’s population. Regardless of whether it is clothes and shoes or computers and mobile telephones, many goods carry a label saying ‘Made in China’. ‘Slow-Chinese’ is also ‘Made in China’.

If one looks at Chinese goods using European standards, their quality is possibly not terribly good. Furthermore, products exported abroad are usually a little better in quality than those sold domestically. There are some factories in China whose primary goal is just to make a profit, and manufacturing good products is only a secondary objective. So if the product is made to the level where it “can be used” or “can be sold”, then that’s enough. In addition, owing to design-education being relatively backward, there are some Chinese factories that are yet to realise the importance of design, and in particular they don’t know they should respect the designs of others. As a result many copycat products have appeared. But China also has very good factories which conscientiously develop and manufacture goods. Apple’s computers and mobile phones are also manufactured in China, thus proving that China is capable of producing high-quality goods.

In the past labour in China was especially cheap, so foreign goods were manufactured in China. But now labour in China is no longer cheap and there are less and less orders from abroad. Now Chinese factories must manufacture their own goods so in the future ‘Made in China’ will be seen less and less, while ‘Designed in China’ will be seen more and more. I hope Chinese factories, companies, and enterprises will attach more and more importance to design and quality.

Special Notes:

山寨 – From ‘China in Three Words’ by Yu Hua and Allan H. Barr: “The word here rendered as “copycat” (山寨) originally denoted a mountain hamlet protected by a stockade or other fortifications; later it acquired an extended meaning as a hinterland area, home to the poor. It was also the name once given to the lairs of outlaws and bandits, and the word has continued to have connotations of freedom from official control. In the past few years… the word “copycat” (山寨) has given the word “imitation” a new meaning, and at the same time the limits of the original sense… have been eroded, allowing room for it to acquire additional shades of meaning: counterfeiting, infringements, deviations from the standard, mischief and caricature… It would not be going too far to say that “copycat’ (山寨) has more of an anarchist spirit than any other word in the contemporary Chinese language.”
You can buy the book here: http://www.amazon.com/China-Ten-Words-Yu-Hua/dp/0307739791

– Rober Budzul (robert@budzul.com)

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Phần dịch tiếng Việt có trong sách bản cứng: Trung Quốc 247: Mái nhà thân thuộc cả nhà nhé!

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Chú ý: Đây là tài tiệu đi kèm sách bản cứng Trung Quốc 247: Mái nhà thân thuộc. Tài liệu sẽ có ích và có tác dụng tối đa khi dùng cùng sách bản cứng. Cả nhà có thể xem thêm về sách bản cứng nha!

刚到中国的外国人，可能会对中国朋友之间谈论的一些话题感到尴尬，甚至觉得被侵犯了隐私。下面几个问题，你的中国朋友有没有问过你呢？

1、你这件衣服真好看，什么牌子的？多少钱买的？
2、你住的那个地方房租很贵吧？多少钱一个月？
3、听说外国人在中国的月薪很高，你的月薪是多少？
4、一上午你已经去了五次厕所了，是拉肚子了吗？
5、你最近是不是胖了？要多运动少吃油腻的食物哦！

上面这五个问题，是我的外国朋友曾经跟我抱怨过，他在中国被问到的尴尬问题。前三个是和金钱有关的，后两个是和健康有关的。与欧美国家的人相比，中国人普遍对隐私的意识比较弱，问这些问题的时候并没有恶意，只是一种聊天的方式。好朋友之间的聊天就更加随意了。对于前三个问题，你可以只说个大约的数字，一般对方就不会再追问下去。第四个问题很有趣，在中国，人们会和比较亲近的朋友或者亲人说自己拉肚子了，并且不会感到不好意思。第五个问题一般也发生在好朋友之间，对方出于关心，提醒你注意体重变化，听到之后，你只要微笑着说“好知道了”就可以啦。

另外，对外国朋友们来说，除了金钱和健康，有关政治、宗教、种族的话题，一般也比较敏感。但可能一些中国人不明白这一点，问你一些相关的问题。如果你真的不愿意讨论，就可以委婉地表达不感兴趣，相信你的中国朋友都可以理解。你还被问到过其他尴尬的问题吗？欢迎在慢速中文网站留言，与我们分享讨论。

剛到中國的外國人，可能會對中國朋友之間談論的一些話題感到尷尬，甚至覺得被侵犯了隱私。下面幾個問題，你的中國朋友有沒有問過你呢？

1、你這件衣服真好看，什麼牌子的？多少錢買的？
2、你住的那個地方房租很貴吧？多少錢一個月？
3、聽說外國人在中國的月薪很高，你的月薪是多少？
4、一上午你已經去了五次廁所了，是拉肚子了嗎？
5、你最近是不是胖了？要多運動少吃油膩的食物哦！

上面這五個問題，是我的外國朋友曾經跟我抱怨過，他在中國被問到的尷尬問題。前三個是和金錢有關的，後兩個是和健康有關的。與歐美國家的人相比，中國人普遍對隱私的意識比較弱，問這些問題的時候並沒有惡意，只是一種聊天的方式。好朋友之間的聊天就更加隨意了。對於前三個問題，你可以只說個大約的數字，一般對方就不會再追問下去。第四個問題很有趣，在中國，人們會和比較親近的朋友或者親人說自己拉肚子了，並且不會感到不好意思。第五個問題一般也發生在好朋友之間，對方出於關心，提醒你注意體重變化，聽到之後，你只要微笑著說“好知道了”就可以啦。

另外，對外國朋友們來說，除了金錢和健康，有關政治、宗教、種族的話題，一般也比較敏感。但可能一些中國人不明白這一點，問你一些相關的問題。如果你真的不願意討論，就可以委婉地表達不感興趣，相信你的中國朋友都可以理解。你還被問到過其他尷尬的問題嗎？歡迎在慢速中文網站留言，與我們分享討論。

Gāng dào zhōngguó de wàiguó rén, kěnéng huì duì zhōngguó péngyǒu zhī jiān tánlùn de yīxiē huàtí gǎndào gāngà, shènzhì juédé bèi qīnfànle yǐnsī. Xiàmiàn jǐ gè wèntí, nǐ de zhōngguó péngyǒu yǒu méiyǒu wènguò nǐ ne?

1, Nǐ zhè jiàn yīfú zhēn hǎokàn, shénme páizi de? Duōshǎo qián mǎi de?
2, Nǐ zhù de nàgè dìfāng fángzū hěn guì ba? Duōshǎo qián yīgè yuè?
3, Tīng shuō wàiguó rén zài zhōngguó de yuèxīn hěn gāo, nǐ de yuèxīn shì duōshǎo?
4, Yī shàngwǔ nǐ yǐjīng qùle wǔ cì cèsuǒle, shì lādùzile ma?
5, Nǐ zuìjìn shì bùshì pàngle? Yào duō yùndòng shǎo chī yóunì de shíwù ó!

Shàngmiàn zhè wǔ gè wèntí, shì wǒ de wàiguó péngyǒu céngjīng gēn wǒ bàoyuànguò, tā zài zhōngguó bèi wèn dào de gāngà wèntí. Qián sān gè shì hé jīnqián yǒuguān de, hòu liǎng gè shì hé jiànkāng yǒuguān de. Yǔ ōuměi guójiā de rén xiāng bǐ, zhōngguó rén pǔbiàn duì yǐnsī de yìshí bǐjiào ruò, wèn zhèxiē wèntí de shíhòu bìng méiyǒu èyì, zhǐshì yī zhǒng liáotiān de fāngshì. Hǎo péngyǒu zhī jiān de liáotiān jiù gèngjiā suíyìle. Duìyú qián sān gè wèntí, nǐ kěyǐ zhǐ shuō gè dàyuē de shùzì, yībān duìfāng jiù bù huì zài zhuīwèn xiàqù. Dì sì gè wèntí hěn yǒuqù, zài zhōngguó, rénmen huì hé bǐjiào qīnjìn de péngyǒu huòzhě qīnrén shuō zìjǐ lādùzile, bìngqiě bù huì gǎndào bù hǎoyìsi. Dì wǔ gè wèntí yībān yě fāshēng zài hǎo péngyǒu zhī jiān, duìfāng chū yú guānxīn, tíxǐng nǐ zhùyì tǐzhòng biànhuà, tīng dào zhīhòu, nǐ zhǐyào wéixiàozhe shuō “hǎo zhīdàole” jiù kěyǐ la.

Lìngwài, duì wàiguó péngyǒumen lái shuō, chúle jīnqián hé jiànkāng, yǒuguān zhèngzhì, zōngjiào, zhǒngzú de huàtí, yībān yě bǐjiào mǐngǎn. Dàn kěnéng yīxiē zhōngguó rén bù míngbái zhè yīdiǎn, wèn nǐ yīxiē xiāngguān de wèntí. Rúguǒ nǐ zhēn de bù yuànyì tǎolùn, jiù kěyǐ wěiwǎn de biǎodá bùgǎn xìngqù, xiāngxìn nǐ de zhōngguó péngyǒu dōu kěyǐ lǐjiě. Nǐ hái bèi wèn dàoguò qítā gāngà de wèntí ma? Huānyíng zài màn sù zhōngwén wǎngzhàn liúyán, yǔ wǒmen fēnxiǎng tǎolùn.

Foreigners that have just arrived in China will possibly discuss some topics with their Chinese friends that they feel embarrassed about and they might even feel that their privacy has been violated. Have your Chinese friends asked you any of the questions below?

1. This item of clothing of yours looks good, what brand is it? How much did it cost?
2. Is the rent expensive where you are living? How much a month?
3. I’ve heard that the pay of foreigners in China is quite high, how much do you make a month?
4. In one morning you’ve already been to the toilet five times. do you have the trots?
5. Have you put on weight recently? You should do more exercise and eat less fatty food.

The five questions above are embarrassing questions which foreign friends of mine have complained about and which they’ve been asked in China. The first three are to do with money and the last three are to do with health. In comparison with people from Europe and America the Chinese sense of privacy is relatively weak so there are no bad intentions in such questions; it’s just a way of making conversation. Conversations between friends are even more as one pleases (1). In answer to the first three questions you could just answer with some approximate figure; in general the other person won’t go into it any further. The fourth question is very interesting. In China people will tell relatively close friends and relatives that they have diarrhea (2) and won’t feel any embarrassment about it at all. The fifth question also occurs mainly between friends and stems from concern from the one party calling attention to change in body weight. After hearing it you just need to say ‘Ok, thanks for letting me know.’ (3) with a smile and that will be it.

In addition, for our foreign friends, apart from money and health, questions about politics and religion and the like and also relatively sensitive but perhaps some Chinese don’t understand this and will ask you some related questions. If you really are unwilling to discuss such questions you can tactfully convey lack of interest and I believe your Chinese friend will be understanding. Have you also been asked other embarrassing questions? You’re welcome to leave a comment on the ‘Slow Chinese’ website to share and discuss it with us.

1. 随意 and 随便 seem to be quite difficult to translate well. They are used a lot in Chinese and there doesn’t seem to be an easy English equivalent. It’s worth taking note of them as they occur and get a feel for them.
2. For any Chinese that might be reading… talking with friends we would use an expression such as ‘I have the runs’, ‘I have the trots’ – but this is very colloquial.
3. And interesting phrase – 知道了. The dictionary gives ‘ok; I’ve got it’. A pretty versatile phrase.

– Rober Budzul (robert@budzul.com)
– and Zak Gray (zak_lives@hotmail.com)

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Phần dịch tiếng Việt có trong sách bản cứng: Trung Quốc 247: Mái nhà thân thuộc cả nhà nhé!

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Chú ý: Đây là tài tiệu đi kèm sách bản cứng Trung Quốc 247: Mái nhà thân thuộc. Tài liệu sẽ có ích và có tác dụng tối đa khi dùng cùng sách bản cứng. Cả nhà có thể xem thêm về sách bản cứng nha!

“中国人吃狗吗？”，这个问题，无论是中国人还是外国人，都不是很喜欢。中国人会觉得，这个问题很不礼貌；对于外国人来说，“吃狗”是一件很可怕的事情。那么，中国人吃狗吗？

首先，必须承认，中国的汉族人以前是吃狗的。因为在古代的时候，除了鸡、鸭、猪之外，中国人也把狗作为食物的来源之一。狗肉是一种特别的美味，当有客人的时候，人们会拿出狗肉给客人吃，来表示自己的友好。吃狗在中国是一种传统的习惯。其实，中国还有一些其他的民族，他们是不吃狗的。蒙古族就不吃狗，因为狗能够帮助他们打猎，是很重要的朋友。

在很多国家，狗是很好的朋友。它们这么可爱，为什么要吃掉它们？这是很多人不理解中国人吃狗的一个原因。其实现在大部分中国人，也特别爱狗。他们家里会养狗做宠物，所以很少人还会吃狗。只有在很少几个地方，还保留着吃狗的传统。

在吃狗这件事情上，中国人被批评，还有一个原因是一些人对待狗的方式非常残忍。特别是在一些小城市，人们还会捕捉街上的流浪狗，用很残忍地方式去杀死它们，这些都让爱狗的人觉得很难受。还有一些人会去解救被捕捉的流浪狗。

我们都觉得，如果有一个合理健康的狗肉产业，吃狗没有什么错。只是，如果用不人道的方式去对待狗，对待任何其他一种生命，都应该受到批评！

“中國人吃狗嗎？”，這個問題，無論是中國人還是外國人，都不是很喜歡。中國人會覺得，這個問題很不禮貌；對於外國人來說，“吃狗”是一件很可怕的事情。那麼，中國人吃狗嗎？

首先，必須承認，中國的漢族人以前是吃狗的。因為在古代的時候，除了雞、鴨、豬之外，中國人也把狗作為食物的來源之一。狗肉是一種特別的美味，當有客人的時候，人們會拿出狗肉給客人吃，來表示自己的友好。吃狗在中國是一種傳統的習慣。其實，中國還有一些其他的民族，他們是不吃狗的。蒙古族就不吃狗，因為狗能夠幫助他們打獵，是很重要的朋友。

在很多國家，狗是很好的朋友。它們這麼可愛，為什麼要吃掉它們？這是很多人不理解中國人吃狗的一個原因。其實現在大部分中國人，也特別愛狗。他們家裡會養狗做寵物，所以很少人還會吃狗。只有在很少幾個地方，還保留著吃狗的傳統。

在吃狗這件事情上，中國人被批評，還有一個原因是一些人對待狗的方​​式非常殘忍。特別是在一些小城市，人們還會捕捉街上的流浪狗，用很殘忍地方式去殺死它們，這些都讓愛狗的人覺得很難受。還有一些人會去解救被捕捉的流浪狗。

我們都覺得，如果有一個合理健康的狗肉產業，吃狗沒有什麼錯。只是，如果用不人道的方式去對待狗，對待任何其他一種生命，都應該受到批評！

“Zhōngguó rén chī gǒu ma?”, Zhège wèntí, wúlùn shì zhōngguó rén háishì wàiguó rén, dōu bùshì hěn xǐhuān. Zhōngguó rén huì juédé, zhège wèntí hěn bù lǐmào; duìyú wàiguó rén lái shuō,“chī gǒu” shì yī jiàn hěn kěpà de shìqíng. Nàme, zhōngguó rén chī gǒu ma?

Shǒuxiān, bìxū chéngrèn, zhōngguó de hànzú rén yǐqián shì chī gǒu de. Yīnwèi zài gǔdài de shíhòu, chúle jī, yā, zhū zhī wài, zhōngguó rén yě bǎ gǒu zuòwéi shíwù de láiyuán zhī yī. Gǒuròu shì yī zhǒng tèbié de měiwèi, dāng yǒu kèrén de shíhòu, rénmen huì ná chū gǒuròu gěi kèrén chī, lái biǎoshì zìjǐ de yǒuhǎo. Chī gǒu zài zhōngguó shì yī zhǒng chuántǒng de xíguàn. Qíshí, zhōngguó hái yǒu yīxiē qítā de mínzú, tāmen shì bù chī gǒu de. Ménggǔ zú jiù bù chī gǒu, yīnwèi gǒu nénggòu bāngzhù tāmen dǎliè, shì hěn zhòngyào de péngyǒu.

Zài hěnduō guójiā, gǒu shì hěn hǎo de péngyǒu. Tāmen zhème kě’ài, wèishéme yào chī diào tāmen? Zhè shì hěnduō rén bù lǐjiě zhōngguó rén chī gǒu de yīgè yuányīn. Qíshí xiànzài dà bùfèn zhōngguó rén, yě tèbié ài gǒu. Tāmen jiālǐ huì yǎng gǒu zuò chǒngwù, suǒyǐ hěn shǎo rén hái huì chī gǒu. Zhǐyǒu zài hěn shǎo jǐ gè dìfāng, hái bǎoliúzhe chī gǒu de chuántǒng.

Zài chī gǒu zhè jiàn shìqíng shàng, zhōngguó rén bèi pīpíng, hái yǒu yīgè yuányīn shì yīxiē rén duìdài gǒu de fāngshì fēicháng cánrěn. Tèbié shì zài yīxiē xiǎo chéngshì, rénmen hái huì bǔzhuō jiē shàng de liúlàng gǒu, yòng hěn cánrěn de fāngshì qù shā sǐ tāmen, zhèxiē dōu ràng ài gǒu de rén juédé hěn nánshòu. Hái yǒu yīxiē rén huì qù jiějiù bèi bǔzhuō de liúlàng gǒu.

Wǒmen dōu juédé, rúguǒ yǒu yīgè hélǐ jiànkāng de gǒuròu chǎnyè, chī gǒu méiyǒu shé me cuò. Zhǐshì, rúguǒ yòng bùréndào de fāngshì qù duìdài gǒu, duìdài rènhé qítā yī zhǒng shēngmìng, dōu yīnggāi shòudào pīpíng!

“Do Chinese eat dog?” This is a question that no-one likes – whether foreigner or Chinese. Chinese people would consider this question impolite, and as far as foreigners are concerned, “eating dog” is horrible. So, do Chinese eat dog?

First of all, one must admit that in the past the Han Chinese did eat dog. Because in ancient times, besides chicken, duck and pork, the Chinese also took dog-meat as a source of food. Dog meat was a special delicacy; when there were guests, people would give them dog meat to eat in order to show their friendliness. Eating dog meat is a traditional custom in China. Actually, China also has some other ethnicities which don’t eat dog. Mongols don’t eat dog because dogs are capable of helping them hunt, and are a very important friend.

In many countries dogs are a great friend. They are so cute; why would one want to consume them? This is one reason many people don’t understand why the Chinese eat dog. Actually these days, most Chinese also particularly love dogs. They have dogs at home as pets. So very few people still eat dog. It’s only in a few places that they still keep the tradition of eating dog.

The Chinese have been criticized for eating dog, and another reason for this is that the way some people treat dogs is extremely cruel. This is especially true in smaller cities where people still capture stray dogs and use very cruel methods to kill them, which upsets dog lovers. There are also people who will rescue captured street dogs.

We all think that if there were a reasonable and sound dog-meat industry, eating dog-meat wouldn’t be so bad. It’s just that if you employ inhumane methods when dealing with dogs, or dealing with any other animal, you deserve to be criticized.

打猎 – da3lie4 (v.o.) go hunting; hunt
养狗 – yǎnggǒu (v.o.) lit. raise dogs
宠物 – chǒngwù (n) pet; house pet; pet animal
待 – dài (v) treat; deal with; handle
保留 – bǎolíu (v) 1. continue to have; retain; 2. hold or keep back; reserve
残忍 – cánrěn (adv) cruel, mean; ruthless; merciless
捕捉 – bǔzhuō (v) catch, seize, capture
流浪狗 – líulànggǒu (n) stray dog
解救 – jiějìu (v) to save, to rescue
不人道 – bùréndào (adj) inhuman

– Rober Budzul (robert@budzul.com)
– and Zak Gray (zak_lives@hotmail.com)

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同性恋，指的是同种性别的人之间的恋爱，也就是男人和男人，或者女人和女人之间的恋爱。以前，虽然在中国一直有同性恋者存在，他们却一直没有一个恰当的称呼。“同性恋”这个称呼是从外语（homosexuality）中引进到中文的，它既可以指一种性取向，也可以指一种恋爱行为，还可以也指这种人群。在中国，同性恋人群还有另外一个叫法，就是“同志”。

中国的同性恋人口占中国总人口的3-4%，大约为3900万-5200万人，这相当于一个欧洲国家的总人口。在大约20年前，同性恋在中国还仍然被定为“流氓罪”。特别是在文化大革命期间，同性恋者会被人们当面叫做“流氓”，从而遭受极大的侮辱。不过，这种情况在当今的中国已经不太会出现了。近几年，有一项调查统计显示，大约九成的中国人认为，同性恋在职场上应该享受和其他人一样的待遇。

在一些西方国家，同性恋已经可以合法结婚了。在中国，虽然法律还不允许同性恋者结婚，但一直有学者和维权人士向领导人提出，要在中国实行同性恋婚姻的合法化。虽然在法律上，同性恋婚姻还不被认可，但是在社会生活中，同性恋正在被来越多的中国人所接受。特别是在大城市中，越来越多的同性恋者正在通过他们自己的民间组织，渐渐发出自己的声音。同性恋者的聚会、书籍、电影、艺术节、酒吧，等等，正在形成同性恋自己的文化。也有越来越多的同性恋者，愿意向他们的家人或者其他人表明自己的同性恋身份，这种行为叫做“出柜”。

不过，大多数的同性恋仍然会受到很大的压力。很多同性恋者因为受到父母和社会的压力，不得不和异性结婚，这往往会造成更多的家庭悲剧，对同性恋者和他们异性伴侣都会造成很大的伤害。比如，在中国出现了这样的一个人群，她们是男同性恋者的妻子，被人们叫做“同妻”。和同性恋者结婚，给她们造成了非常大的痛苦。总的来说，从法律到社会的各个方面，要改善同性恋在中国的生活状态，还有很长的路要走。

同性戀，指的是同種性別的人之間的戀愛，也就是男人和男人，或者女人和女人之間的戀愛。以前，雖然在中國一直有同性戀者存在，他們卻一直沒有一個恰當的稱呼。 “同性戀”這個稱呼是從外語（homosexuality）中引進到中文的，它既可以指一種性取向，也可以指一種戀愛行為，還可以也指這種人群。在中國，同性戀人群還有另外一個叫法，就是“同志”。

中國的同性戀人口占中國總人口的3-4%，大約為3900萬-5200萬人，這相當於一個歐洲國家的總人口。在大約20年前，同性戀在中國還仍然被定為“流氓罪”。特別是在文化大革命期間，同性戀者會被人們當面叫做“流氓”，從而遭受極大的侮辱。不過，這種情況在當今的中國已經不太會出現了。近幾年，有一項調查統計顯示，大約九成的中國人認為，同性戀在職場上應該享受和其他人一樣的待遇。

在一些西方國家，同性戀已經可以合法結婚了。在中國，雖然法律還不允許同性戀者結婚，但一直有學者和維權人士向領導人提出，要在中國實行同性戀婚姻的合法化。雖然在法律上，同性戀婚姻還不被認可，但是在社會生活中，同性戀正在被來越多的中國人所接受。特別是在大城市中，越來越多的同性戀者正在通過他們自己的民間組織，漸漸發出自己的聲音。同性戀者的聚會、書籍、電影、藝術節、酒吧，等等，正在形成同性戀自己的文化。也有越來越多的同性戀者，願意向他們的家人或者其他人表明自己的同性戀身份，這種行為叫做“出櫃”。

不過，大多數的同性戀仍然會受到很大的壓力。很多同性戀者因為受到父母和社會的壓力，不得不和異性結婚，這往往會造成更多的家庭悲劇，對同性戀者和他們異性伴侶都會造成很大的傷害。比如，在中國出現了這樣的一個人群，她們是男同性戀者的妻子，被人們叫做“同妻”。和同性戀者結婚，給她們造成了非常大的痛苦。總的來說，從法律到社會的各個方面，要改善同性戀在中國的生活狀態，還有很長的路要走。

Tóngxìngliàn, zhǐ de shì tóng zhǒng xìngbié de rén zhī jiān de liàn’ài, yě jiùshì nánrén hé nánrén, huòzhě nǚrén hé nǚrén zhī jiān de liàn’ài. Yǐqián, suīrán zài zhōngguó yīzhí yǒu tóngxìngliàn zhě cúnzài, tāmen què yīzhí méiyǒuyīgè qiàdàng de chēnghu.“Tóngxìngliàn” zhège chēnghu shì cóng wàiyǔ (homosexuality) zhōng yǐnjìn dào zhōngwén de, tā jì kěyǐ zhǐ yī zhǒng xìng qǔxiàng, yě kěyǐ zhǐ yī zhǒng liàn’ài xíngwéi, hái kěyǐ yě zhǐ zhè zhǒng rénqún. Zài zhōngguó, tóngxìngliàn rénqún hái yǒu lìngwài yīgè jiào fǎ, jiùshì “tóngzhì”.

Zhōngguó de tóngxìngliàn rénkǒu zhàn zhōngguó zǒng rénkǒu de 3-4%, dàyuē wèi 3900 wàn-5200 wàn rén, zhè xiāngdāng yú yīgè ōuzhōu guójiā de zǒng rénkǒu. Zài dàyuē 20 nián qián, tóngxìngliàn zài zhōngguó hái réngrán bèi dìng wèi “liúmáng zuì”. Tèbié shì zài wénhuà dàgémìng qíjiān, tóngxìngliàn zhě huì bèi rénmen dāngmiàn jiàozuò “liúmáng”, cóng’ér zāoshòu jí dà de wǔrǔ. Bùguò, zhè zhǒng qíngkuàng zài dāngjīn de zhōngguó yǐjīng bù tài huì chūxiànle. Jìn jǐ nián, yǒu yī xiàng diàochá tǒngjì xiǎnshì, dàyuē jiǔ chéng de zhōngguó rén rènwéi, tóngxìngliàn zài zhíchǎng shàng yīnggāi xiǎngshòu hé qítā rén yīyàng de dàiyù.

Zài yīxiē xīfāng guójiā, tóngxìngliàn yǐjīng kěyǐ héfǎ jiéhūnle. Zài zhōngguó, suīrán fǎlǜ hái bù yǔnxǔ tóngxìngliàn zhě jiéhūn, dàn yīzhí yǒu xuézhě hé wéiquán rénshì xiàng lǐngdǎo rén tíchū, yào zài zhōngguó shíxíng tóngxìngliàn hūnyīn de héfǎ huà. Suīrán zài fǎlǜ shàng, tóngxìngliàn hūnyīn hái bù bèi rènkě, dànshì zài shèhuì shēnghuó zhōng, tóngxìngliàn zhèngzài bèi yuè lái yuè duō de zhōngguó rén suǒ jiēshòu. Tèbié shì zài dà chéngshì zhōng, yuè lái yuè duō de tóngxìngliàn zhě zhèngzài tōngguò tāmen zìjǐ de mínjiān zǔzhī, jiànjiàn fāchū zìjǐ de shēngyīn. Tóngxìngliàn zhě de jùhuì, shūjí, diànyǐng, yìshù jié, jiǔbā, děng děng, zhèngzài xíngchéng tóngxìngliàn zìjǐ de wénhuà. Yěyǒu yuè lái yuè duō de tóngxìngliàn zhě, yuànyì xiàng tāmen de jiārén huòzhě qítā rén biǎomíng zìjǐ de tóngxìngliàn shēnfèn, zhè zhǒng xíngwéi jiàozuò “chū guì”.

Bùguò, dà duō shǔ de tóngxìngliàn réngrán huì shòudào hěn dà de yālì. Hěnduō tóngxìngliàn zhě yīnwèi shòudào fùmǔ hé shèhuì de yālì, bùdé bù hé yìxìng jiéhūn, zhè wǎngwǎng huì zàochéng gèng duō de jiātíng bēijù, duì tóngxìngliàn zhě hé tāmen yìxìng bànlǚ dõuhuì zàochéng hěn dà de shānghài. Bǐrú, zài zhōngguó chūxiànle zhèyàng de yīgè rénqún, tāmen shì nán tóngxìngliàn zhě de qīzi, bèi rénmen jiàozuò “tóng qī”. Hé tóngxìngliàn zhě jiéhūn, gěi tāmen zàochéngle fēicháng dà de tòngkǔ. Zǒng de lái shuō, cóng fǎlǜ dào shèhuì de gège fāngmiàn, yào gǎishàn tóngxìngliàn zài zhōngguó de shēnghuó zhuàngtài, hái yǒu hěn zhǎng de lù yào zǒu.

Homosexuality refers to love between two people of the same sex, i.e. men with men or women with women. Previously, even though homosexuals have existed all along in China, there was never an appropriate word for them. The word ‘tong xing lian’ is an imported word introduced into Chinese from outside. It can indicate a sexual orientation as well as a sexual behaviour. It can also refer to a group of people. In China, gays as a group have another appellation, namely ‘tongzhi’ (1)

The homosexual population of China accounts for 3-4% of the entire population, roughly 39 million people. This is equivalent to the total population of a European country. Approximately twenty years ago homosexuality was still established as a crime of immoral behaviour. Particularly during the Cultural Revolution, homosexuals were called rogues (2), thus they suffered great humiliation. But these circumstances aren’t very likely to occur in present day China. In recent years a survey has shown that around 90% of Chinese are of the opinion that homosexuals should receive the same treatment at work as others.

In some western countries homosexuals can already legally marry. In China, although the law doesn’t allow homosexual marriage, scholars and civil rights activists have been proposing the legalisation of homosexual marriage. Although same-sex marriages are still not accepted within the law, they are more and more accepted by society. Especially in large cities, by means of their organisations, they are gradually making themselves heard. Due to gay gatherings, books, films, cultural festivals and bars a gay culture is forming. Also, more and more gays are willing to make their identity as homosexuals known to their families or to others. This action is is know as ‘coming out of the closet’.

However, the majority of homosexuals are still under a lot of pressure in China. Due to pressure from their parents and society, many gays have no choice but to marry someone of the opposite sex. This often brings about even more family tragedies and will cause pain to gays and their partners of the opposite sex. In China a particular group of people has sprung up – the wives of homosexual men. They are called ‘tongqi’. (3) Being married to gay men can cause them much suffering. In summary, whether seen from the angle of the law or society there is still a long road ahead to improve the lot of gays in China.

(1) actually the Chinese word for ‘comrade’; the first syllable is the same as the first syllable in the word for homosexual which might account for how this word came into being

(2) the dictionary gives ‘rogue’ which doesn’t really fit here; I suspect this is rather untranslatable – during the Cultural Revolution they probably had all sorts of names they used to call people that aren’t really translatable nowadays…

(3) made up of the ‘homo’ element of ‘homosexual’ and the character for ‘wife’

– Robert Budzul (robert@budzul.com)
– Zak Gray (zak_lives@hotmail.com)

Xem danh sách các bài khác

Phần dịch tiếng Việt có trong sách bản cứng: Trung Quốc 247: Mái nhà thân thuộc cả nhà nhé!

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Chú ý: Đây là tài tiệu đi kèm sách bản cứng Trung Quốc 247: Mái nhà thân thuộc. Tài liệu sẽ có ích và có tác dụng tối đa khi dùng cùng sách bản cứng. Cả nhà có thể xem thêm về sách bản cứng nha!

西方人喜欢狗，有很多和“狗”有关的表达。中国人认为，民以食为天，吃在中国是一件很重要的事情，所以汉语中有很多有趣的表达都和吃有关。

如果你有一个恋人，对方和别人单独出去玩，你不高兴，有些嫉妒，我们说：你吃醋了。

如果你辞去了一份工作，离开了你原来工作的地方，不久以后，又想回去，我们把这个叫做：吃回头草。和男朋友、女朋友分手了之后，还想复合，这个也叫：吃回头草。中国还有句俗语叫做：好马不吃回头草。如果你和身边的同事谈恋爱，我们把这个叫做：吃窝边草。中国人说“兔子不吃窝边草”，就是不和身边的同事、同学谈恋爱，因为大家都太熟悉了。

如果你在公司很受重视，我们说你很“吃香”。如果你在公司里很受欢迎，老板、同事都很喜欢你，我们说你很“吃得开”，相反的，就是“吃不开”。

如果你被告上了法院，我们说你“吃官司”了，这个时候，你需要请一个律师。

如果你受到了伤害，受到了损失，我们把这个叫做“吃亏”，有的时候，你即使吃亏了也不能和大家说，只能自己承受，这个叫“吃哑巴亏”。哑巴是那些不能说话的人。

在职场上，无论是男性还是女性都有可能遇到“性骚扰”，中国人把这个叫做被“吃豆腐”。以前，女性在职场被上司吃豆腐了，怕丢了工作，不敢说，这个就是“吃哑巴亏”了。现在这种情况也依然存在。

你还知道哪些和“吃”有关的表达？欢迎在播客下方留言，大家一起交流讨论。

西方人喜歡狗，有很多和“狗”有關的表達。中國人認為，民以食為天，吃在中國是一件很重要的事情，所以漢語中有很多有趣的表達都和吃有關。

如果你有一個戀人，對方和別人單獨出去玩，你不高興，有些嫉妒，我們說：你吃醋了。

如果你辭去了一份工作，離開了你原來工作的地方，不久以後，又想回去，我們把這個叫做：吃回頭草。和男朋友、女朋友分手了之後，還想複合，這個也叫：吃回頭草。中國還有句俗語叫做：好馬不吃回頭草。如果你和身邊的同事談戀愛，我們把這個叫做：吃窩邊草。中國人說“兔子不吃窩邊草”，就是不和身邊的同事、同學談戀愛，因為大家都太熟悉了。

如果你在公司很受重視，我們說你很“吃香”。如果你在公司裡很受歡迎，老闆、同事都很喜歡你，我們說你很“吃得開”，相反的，就是“吃不開”。

如果你被告上了法院，我們說你“吃官司”了，這個時候，你需要請一個律師。

如果你受到了傷害，受到了損失，我們把這個叫做“吃虧”，有的時候，你即使吃虧了也不能和大家說，只能自己承受，這個叫“吃啞巴虧”。啞巴是那些不能說話的人。

在職場上，無論是男性還是女性都有可能遇到“性騷擾”，中國人把這個叫做被“吃豆腐”。以前，女性在職場被上司吃豆腐了，怕丟了工作，不敢說，這個就是“吃啞巴虧”了。現在這種情況也依然存在。

你還知道哪些和“吃”有關的表達？歡迎在播客下方留言，大家一起交流討論。

Xīfāng rén xǐhuān gǒu, yǒu hěnduō hé “gǒu” yǒuguān de biǎodá. Zhōngguó rén rènwéi, mín yǐ shí wéi tiān, chī zài zhōngguó shì yī jiàn hěn zhòngyào de shìqíng, suǒyǐ hànyǔ zhòng yǒu hěnduō yǒuqù de biǎodá dōu hé chī yǒuguān.

Rúguǒ nǐ yǒu yīgè liànrén, duìfāng hé biérén dāndú chūqù wán, nǐ bù gāoxìng, yǒuxiē jídù, wǒmen shuō: Nǐ chīcùle.

Rúguǒ nǐ cíqùle yī fèn gōngzuò, líkāile nǐ yuánlái gōngzuò de dìfāng, bùjiǔ yǐhòu, yòu xiǎng huíqù, wǒmen bǎ zhège jiàozuò: Chī huítóu cǎo. Hénán péngyǒu, nǚ péngyǒu fēn shǒu le zhīhòu, hái xiǎng fùhé, zhège yě jiào: Chī huítóu cǎo. Zhōngguó hái yǒu jù súyǔ jiàozuò: Hǎo mǎ bù chī huítóu cǎo. Rúguǒ nǐ hé shēnbiān de tóngshì tán liàn’ài, wǒmen bǎ zhège jiàozuò: Chī wō biān cǎo. Zhōngguó rén shuō “tùzǐ bù chī wō biān cǎo”, jiùshì bù hé shēnbiān de tóngshì, tóngxué tán liàn’ài, yīn wéi dàjiā dōu tài shúxīle.

Rúguǒ nǐ zài gōngsī hěn shòu zhòngshì, wǒmen shuō nǐ hěn “chīxiāng”. Rúguǒ nǐ zài gōngsī lǐ hěn shòu huānyíng, lǎobǎn, tóngshì dōu hěn xǐhuān nǐ, wǒmen shuō nǐ hěn “chīdékāi”, xiāngfǎn de, jiùshì “chībùkāi”.

Rúguǒ nǐ bèigào shàngle fǎyuàn, wǒmen shuō nǐ “chī guānsī”le, zhège shíhòu, nǐ xūyào qǐng yīgè lǜshī.

Rúguǒ nǐ shòudàole shānghài, shòudàole sǔnshī, wǒmen bǎ zhège jiàozuò “chīkuī”, yǒu de shíhòu, nǐ jíshǐ chīkuīle yě bùnéng hé dàjiā shuō, zhǐ néng zìjǐ chéngshòu, zhège jiào “chī yǎbākuī”. Yǎbā shì nàxiē bùnéng shuōhuà de rén.

Zài zhíchǎng shàng, wúlùn shì nánxìng háishì nǚxìng dōu yǒu kěnéng yù dào “xìngsāorǎo”, zhōngguó rén bǎ zhège jiàozuò bèi “chī dòufu”. Yǐqián, nǚxìng zài zhíchǎng bèi shàngsi chī dòufule, pà diūle gōngzuò, bù gǎn shuō, zhège jiùshì “chī yǎbākuī”le. Xiànzài zhè zhǒng qíngkuàng yě yīrán cúnzài.

Nǐ hái zhīdào nǎxiē hé “chī” yǒuguān de biǎodá? Huānyíng zài bòkè xiàfāng liúyán, dàjiā yì qǐ jiāoliú tǎolùn.

Westerners like dogs, and there are many ‘dog’ related expressions. The Chinese know that ‘food is the god of the people’, and in China eating is a very important matter, so in Mandarin Chinese there are many interesting expressions related to eating.

If you have a sweet-heart, and they go out by themselves with someone and you’re not happy about it, we say: you’re eating vinegar (you’re jealous).

If you quit a job and leave the place where you were working, then shortly after want to return, we call this: ‘grazing on old pasture’. When, after breaking up with a boyfriend or girlfriend, you then want to get back together again, that’s also called ‘grazing on old pasture’. In Chinese there is also the saying – ‘a good horse doesn’t graze on old pasture’. If you and a nearby colleague begin dating, we call this ‘eating the grass around the nest’. Chinese say ‘rabbits don’t eat the grass around their nest’. This means, don’t start a relationship with a close colleague or fellow-student, because everyone knows each other too well.

If you’re looked upon highly at work, we call this ‘eating fragrant’ (see notes 1). If you’re very popular at work, with your boss and colleagues, we call this ‘can start eating’, and the opposite is ‘can’t start eating’ (see notes 2).

If you call on someone and they’re not at home, then we say you’ve ‘eaten closed-door soup’.

If you’ve been taken to court as the accused, we say you’re ‘eating a law-suit’. This is the time when you need to hire a lawyer.

If you’ve been injured or have suffered a loss we call this ‘eating a loss’. Sometimes, if you’ve suffered a loss but can’t tell anyone and have to endure it alone, this is called ‘eating a mute loss’. ‘哑巴 – yǎba’ are those people who can’t speak (mutes).

In the workplace, regardless of being male or female, there is the chance that one may encounter ‘sexual harassment’. Chinese call this (being sexually harassed) ‘eating tofu’ (see notes 3). In the past, women were harassed by their superiors but didn’t dare say anything for fear of losing their job. This is an example of ‘eating a mute loss’. This situation still exists today.

Do you know any other other expressions related to ‘eating’? Feel welcome to leave a message at the bottom of the podcast page, and everyone can discuss them together.

Notes:

1. Difficult to translate as these characters mean ‘eat’, and ‘fragrant’… as this is an idiomatic expression however, it doesn’t need to be translated literally
2. Literally ‘can start eating’. This is the same structure as 看得见 (able to be seen) or 拿得动 (can be carried). However, ‘吃开’ also means to ‘be influential’, so this may be seen as ‘can be influential’.
3. The expression ‘吃豆腐’ is usually used with minor sexual harassment

New Vocabulary

民以食为天 – mínyǐshíwéitiān (idiom) 1. food is the god of the people 2. the masses regard food as their prime want 3. Food is the first necessity of the people
吃醋 – chīcù (v.o.) be jealous (about rivalry in love)
辞去 – cíqù (v) to resign; to quit
吃回头草 – chīhuítóucǎo (idiom) a changed form of ‘好马不吃头草’, meaning to go back to something one has renounced, or to go back to an old job or life
复合 – fùhé (v) to be reunited
俗语 – súyǔ (n) 1. common saying 2. proverb 3. colloquial speech
谈恋爱 – tánliàn’ài (v.o.) 1. to court (a member of the opposite sex) 2. to be dating
吃窝边草 – chīwōbiāncǎo (idiom) a changed form of ‘兔子不吃窝边草’, and means that villains don’t jeopardize their neighbours. Comparable to the English saying ‘don’t shit where you eat’
熟悉 – shúxī (v) know sth./sb. well (adj) familiar with
吃香 – chīxiāng (adj/idiom) very popular; be well liked; be much sought after
吃得开 – chīdekāi (adj/idiom) be popular; be much sought after
羹 – gēng (n) thick soup
吃闭门羹 – chībìméngēng (v/idiom) 1. be refused entrance 2. be left out in the cold 3. to find the door closed
官司 – guānsi (n, informal) lawsuit
律师 – lǜshī (n) 1. lawyer 2. barrister 3. solicitor
损失 – sǔnshī (v) lose (n) loss; damage
吃亏 – chīkuī (v) suffer a loss (adj) at a disadvantage
即使 – jíshǐ (conj.) even; even if; even though
承受 – chéngshòu (v) bear; support; endure
哑巴 – yǎba (n) a dumb person; a mute
吃哑巴亏 – chīyǎbakuī (v.o./idiom) 1. to be forced to suffer in silence 2. unable to speak of one’s bitter suffering
职场 – zhíchǎng (n) 1. workplace 2. career
性骚扰 – xìngsāorǎo (n) sexual harassment
吃豆腐 – chīdòufu (v.o) 1. tease; flirt with 2. engage in minor sexual harassment
上司 – shàngsi (n) 1. superior 2. boss
依然 – yīrán (adv) still (v) be as before
存在 – cúnzài (n) exist; be

– Robert Budzul (robert@budzul.com)
– Zak Gray (zak_lives@hotmail.com)

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Chú ý: Đây là tài tiệu đi kèm sách bản cứng Trung Quốc 247: Mái nhà thân thuộc. Tài liệu sẽ có ích và có tác dụng tối đa khi dùng cùng sách bản cứng. Cả nhà có thể xem thêm về sách bản cứng nha!

前几天一个英国朋友对我说，他在一本杂志上看到一篇关于中国“直男癌”这个词的文章，觉得很有趣，今天我就给大家介绍一下，“直男癌”究竟是什么意思。

首先要说明的是，“直男癌”（Straight Man Cancer)不是一种癌症，而是对某一类男生的统称。“直男”这个词是从英语里直接翻译过来的，意思是异性恋男人，也就是性取向喜欢女性的男性。“直男”这个词本来是中性的，但加上“癌”这个字，就有一种病得不轻的感觉。“直男癌”的主要症状有以下几点：

1.穿衣的品味很差，审美低于平均水平，自己却完全没有意识到。

2.低估女性的价值，不尊重女性，认为“女性就是用来生孩子的，读那么多书有什么用？”

3.限制女性的自由，比如不让自己的妻子去工作，认为她就应该在家里做家务照顾孩子。

4.看到美女照片，认为一定是经过图片处理，或者这个女生一定是整过容的。

5.活在自己的世界里，认为自己总是正确的，如果别人不按照他的方式做事，就一定是别人的问题。

6.经常说“我妈妈说⋯⋯”，什么事都听妈妈的，妈妈喜欢的他才会喜欢，包括女朋友。

上面这些特征，如果你符合2条，说明已经是轻度“直男癌”患者了。如果符合4条以上，那么⋯⋯你应该知道怎么办了。其实，中国网友制造出“直男癌”这个词，不仅是为了讽刺有以上行为和想法的男生，更重要的，是倡导一种平等和健康的两性关系。你身边有“直男癌”患者吗？欢迎大家在网站留言，与我们分享你对“直男癌”的看法。

前幾天一個英國朋友對我說，他在一本雜誌上看到一篇關於中國“直男癌”這個詞的文章，覺得很有趣，今天我就給大家介紹一下，“直男癌”究竟是什麼意思。

首先要說明的是，“直男癌”（Straight Man Cancer)不是一種癌症，而是對某一類男生的統稱。 “直男”這個詞是從英語裡直接翻譯過來的，意思是異性戀男人，也就是性取向喜歡女性的男性。 “直男”這個詞本來是中性的，但加上“癌”這個字，就有一種病得不輕的感覺。 “直男癌”的主要症狀有以下幾點：

1.穿衣的品味很差，審美低於平均水平，自己卻完全沒有意識到。

2.低估女性的價值，不尊重女性，認為“女性就是用來生孩子的，讀那麼多書有什麼用？”

3.限製女性的自由，比如不讓自己的妻子去工作，認為她就應該在家裡做家務照顧孩子。

4.看到美女照片，認為一定是經過圖片處理，或者這個女生一定是整過容的。

5.活在自己的世界裡，認為自己總是正確的，如果別人不按照他的方式做事，就一定是別人的問題。

6.經常說“我媽媽說⋯⋯”，什麼事都聽媽媽的，媽媽喜歡的他才會喜歡，包括女朋友。

上面這些特徵，如果你符合2條，說明已經是輕度“直男癌”患者了。如果符合4條以上，那麼⋯⋯你應該知道怎麼辦了。其實，中國網友製造出“直男癌”這個詞，不僅是為了諷刺有以上行為和想法的男生，更重要的，是倡導一種平等和健康的兩性關係。你身邊有“直男癌”患者嗎？歡迎大家在網站留言，與我們分享你對“直男癌”的看法。

Qián jǐ tiān yīgè yīngguó péngyǒu duì wǒ shuō, tā zài yī běn zázhì shàng kàn dào yī piān guānyú zhōngguó “zhí nán ái” zhège cí de wénzhāng, juédé hěn yǒuqù, jīntiān wǒ jiù gěi dàjiā jièshào yīxià,“zhí nán ái” jiùjìng shì shénme yìsi.

Shǒuxiān yào shuōmíng de shì,“zhí nán ái”(Straight Man Cancer) bùshì yī zhǒng áizhèng, ér shì duì mǒu yī lèi nánshēng de tǒngchēng.“Zhí nán” zhège cí shì cóng yīngyǔ lǐ zhíjiē fānyì guòlái de, yìsi shì yìxìng liàn nánrén, yě jiùshì xìng qǔxiàng xǐhuān nǚxìng de nánxìng.“Zhí nán” zhège cí běnlái shì zhōng xìng de, dàn jiā shàng “ái” zhège zì, jiù yǒuyī zhǒng bìng dé bù qīng de gǎnjué.“Zhí nán ái” de zhǔyào zhèngzhuàng yǒu yǐxià jǐ diǎn:

1. Chuān yī de pǐnwèi hěn chà, shěnměi dī yú píngjūn shuǐpíng, zìjǐ què wánquán méiyǒu yìshí dào.

2. Dīgū nǚxìng de jiàzhí, bù zūnzhòng nǚxìng, rènwéi “nǚxìng jiùshì yòng láishēng háizi de, dú nàme duō shū yǒu shé me yòng?”

3. Xiànzhì nǚxìng de zìyóu, bǐrú bù ràng zìjǐ de qīzi qù gōngzuò, rènwéi tā jiù yīnggāi zài jiālǐ zuò jiāwù zhàogù háizi.

4. Kàn dào měinǚ zhàopiàn, rènwéi yīdìng shì jīngguò túpiàn chǔlǐ, huòzhě zhège nǚshēng yīdìng shì zhěngguò róng de.

5. Huó zài zìjǐ de shìjiè lǐ, rènwéi zìjǐ zǒng shì zhèngquè de, rúguǒ biérén bù ànzhào tā de fāngshì zuòshì, jiù yīdìng shì biérén de wèntí.

6. Jīngcháng shuō “wǒ māmā shuō ⋯⋯”, shénme shì dōu tīng māmā de, māmā xǐhuān de tā cái huì xǐhuān, bāokuò nǚ péngyǒu.

Shàngmiàn zhèxiē tèzhēng, rúguǒ nǐ fúhé 2 tiáo, shuōmíng yǐjīng shì qīng dù “zhí nán ái” huànzhěle. Rúguǒ fúhé 4 tiáo yǐshàng, nàme ⋯⋯nǐ yīnggāi zhīdào zěnme bànle. Qíshí, zhōngguó wǎngyǒu zhìzào chū “zhí nán ái” zhège cí, bùjǐn shì wèile fèngcì yǒu yǐshàng xíngwéi hé xiǎngfǎ de nánshēng, gèng zhòngyào de, shì chàngdǎo yī zhǒng píngděng hé jiànkāng de liǎngxìng guānxì. Nǐ shēnbiān yǒu “zhí nán ái” huànzhě ma? Huānyíng dàjiā zài wǎngzhàn liúyán, yǔ wǒmen fēnxiǎng nǐ duì “zhí nán ái” de kànfǎ.

A few days ago an English friend told me he saw an article about the word ‘straight man’s cancer’ in China, and thought it was very interesting. Today I will give everyone a brief introduction as to what ‘straight man’s cancer’ actually means.

The first thing that needs to be said is that ‘straight man’s cancer’ isn’t a real cancer, but is a general term given to a certain kind of man. ‘直男 – zhínán’ is directly translated from English, and means ‘heterosexual man’, or a man who is sexually attracted to women. The word ‘直男’ was originally neutral, but when ‘癌’ is added it has the feeling of being seriously sick. The most important symptoms of ‘Straight man’s cancer’ are listed in the points below:

1. Taste in clothing is lacking, appreciation of beauty is lower than average, but are completely unaware of this themselves.

2. Underestimate the value of women, don’t respect women, believe that “women are to be used for having babies, what’s the use of reading all those books?”

3. Limit women’s freedom, for example by not letting their wife go to work, believing that they should be at home doing housework and taking care of children.

4. Seeing a picture of a beautiful girl, believe that it must have been photoshopped, or that the woman has definitely had plastic surgery.

5. Live in their own world, believing that they are always right, and that if another person doesn’t do things in according to their ways, it must be the other person’s problem.

6. Frequently say “My mom says….”, listen to whatever their mom says, and only like things their mother likes – including girlfriends.

If you conform to two of the characteristics listed above, it illustrates that you’re already a mild sufferer of ‘straight man’s cancer’. If you conform to four or more, then… you should know what to do. In fact, Chinese netizens manufactured this word ‘straight man’s cancer’, not only to mock men that behave in the ways mentioned above, but most importantly to initiate an equal and healthy sexual relations. Do you have sufferers of ‘straight man’s cancer’ near you? We welcome you all to leave a comment, and share your views on ‘straight man’s cancer’.

New Vocabulary

癌症 – áizhèng (n) cancer
直男 – zhínán (n) straight guy (heterosexual)
究竟 – jīujìng (n) outcome; what actually happened (adv) [used in an interrogative sentence to make further enquiries] actually; exactly
统称 – tǒngzhēng (v) be called by a joint name; be known together as (n) common name; a general term
异性恋 – yìxìngliàn (n) 1. heterosexuality 2. heterosexual love
性取向 – xìngqǔxiàng (n) sexual orientation (e.g. gay, straight, bi etc.)
中性 – zhōngxìng (adj) neutral
症状 – zhèngzhuàng (n) symptom
审美 – shěnměi (v.o.) 1. appreciate beauty 2. make an aesthetic judgement (n) aesthetics
低于 – dīyú (v.p.) to be lower than
低估 – dīgū (v) to underestimate
限制 – xiànzhì (v) place (or impose) restrictions on; limit; confine (n) restriction; limit; confinement
特征 – tèzhèng (n) characteristic; trait; feature
符合 – fúhé (v) in keeping with; in accordance with 2. tallying with 3. in line with
轻度 – qīngdù (adj) mild (fever, symptoms etc.)
不仅 – bùjǐn
倡导 – chàngdǎo (v) initiate; propose

– Zak Gray (zak_lives@hotmail.com)
– Robert Budzul (robert@budzul.com)

Xem danh sách các bài khác

Phần dịch tiếng Việt có trong sách bản cứng: Trung Quốc 247: Mái nhà thân thuộc cả nhà nhé!

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Chú ý: Đây là tài tiệu đi kèm sách bản cứng Trung Quốc 247: Mái nhà thân thuộc. Tài liệu sẽ có ích và có tác dụng tối đa khi dùng cùng sách bản cứng. Cả nhà có thể xem thêm về sách bản cứng nha!

最近，新浪微博上一个叫“扶苏公子”的网友发起了一个讨论。大意是：两个字的词语，你觉得最有中国味道的，是什么？我想到的是“江南”。小时候跟着外婆住，附近的几个村庄都有小河穿流而过。所以我很喜欢江南水乡。

大学时，第一次坐火车就是去著名的江南水乡：周庄和西塘。唐代诗人白居易有一首词《忆江南》：
江南好，风景旧曾谙。日出江花红胜火，春来江水绿如蓝。能不忆江南？

当然，现在著名的几个江南水乡都被开发出来，成了旅游景点了，游客越来越多。特别是接下来七、八月的暑假，人山人海，不建议大家假期去这些地方。

也有人说，最有中国味道的词语是“恭喜”，因为中国人在过年的时候都会说“恭喜发财”。还有人说是“长安”，长安就是现在的西安，在唐朝的时候，长安非常繁荣。我的一个朋友说是“红颜”，红颜指的是年轻漂亮的女子。我们说：红颜知己。如果你是男性，你有一个女性好友，她十分理解你的想法，就可以说她是你的红颜知己。

有人说最有中国味道的词语是“拆迁”或者“强拆”，因为很多国家都不会发生这样的事情。类似的还有“城管”。
上面提到的人们都把味道理解成了感觉，但是还有一部分人不是这么理解的。

有的人说最有中国味道的词语是“北京”，或者有人说是“雾霾”，其实他们想表达的意思都差不多，雾霾中的北京空气里面或许真的有“味道”。

无论是“拆迁”、“城管”，还是“雾霾”，这些都体现了网友们对中国现实的关注。这也是网络时代有趣的地方，有时候认认真真地讨论一个问题，随着加入的人越来越多，就渐渐变成了“吐槽大会”。大家就会借这个话题表达自己想表达的东西。

那么你呢？你觉得最有中国味道的词语是什么？

最近，新浪微博上一個叫“扶蘇公子”的網友發起了一個討論。大意是：兩個字的詞語，你覺得最有中國味道的，是什麼？我想到的是“江南”。小時候跟著外婆住，附近的幾個村莊都有小河穿流而過。所以我很喜歡江南水鄉。

大學時，第一次坐火車就是去著名的江南水鄉：周莊和西塘。唐代詩人白居易有一首詞《憶江南》：
江南好，風景舊曾諳。日出江花紅勝火，春來江水綠如藍。能不憶江南？

當然，現在著名的幾個江南水鄉都被開發出來，成了旅遊景點了，遊客越來越多。特別是接下來七、八月的暑假，人山人海，不建議大家假期去這些地方。

也有人說，最有中國味道的詞語是“恭喜”，因為中國人在過年的時候都會說“恭喜發財”。還有人說是“長安”，長安就是現在的西安，在唐朝的時候，長安非常繁榮。我的一個朋友說是“紅顏”，紅顏指的是年輕漂亮的女子。我們說：紅顏知己。如果你是男性，你有一個女性好友，她十分理解你的想法，就可以說她是你的紅顏知己。

有人說最有中國味道的詞語是“拆遷”或者“強拆”，因為很多國家都不會發生這樣的事情。類似的還有“城管”。
上面提到的人們都把味道理解成了感覺，但是還有一部分人不是這麼理解的。

有的人說最有中國味道的詞語是“北京”，或者有人說是“霧霾”，其實他們想表達的意思都差不多，霧霾中的北京空氣裡面或許真的有“味道”。

無論是“拆遷”、“城管”，還是“霧霾”，這些都體現了網友們對中國現實的關注。這也是網絡時代有趣的地方，有時候認認真真地討論一個問題，隨著加入的人越來越多，就漸漸變成了“吐槽大會”。大家就會藉這個話題表達自己想表達的東西。

那麼你呢？你覺得最有中國味道的詞語是什麼？

“Xiào” shì yī zhǒng fēicháng zhòngyào de zhōngguó chuántǒng wénhuà. Zài zhōngguó yǒuyī zhǒng shuōfǎ jiàozuò “bǎi shànxiào wèi xiān”, yìsi jiùshì shuō, xiào shì zuì zhòngyào de měidé.“Xiào” de yìsi shì, zūnjìng zìjǐ de fùmǔ, zǔxiān, yǐjí qítā zhǎngbèi. Shàndài hé zūnjìng zhǎngbèi, chēng wèi “xiàojìng”. Tīngcóng cháng bèi de jiàodǎo, jiàozuò “xiàoshùn”. Yǒngyǒu zhè zhǒng měidé de rén, tōngcháng bèi rénmen chēng wèi “xiàozǐ”, huòzhě “xiàonǚ”.

“Xiào” de zhè zhǒng wénhuà, láiyuán yú rújiā sīxiǎng. Gǔdài zhōngguó guānyú xiào de gùshì yǒu hěnduō, zuì zhùmíng de yǒu “èrshísìxiào”, zhè běn shū jìlùle zhōngguó gǔdài bùtóng shíqí de èrshísì wèi xiàozǐ de gùshì. Bǐrú, zài 2000 nián qián de hàndài, yǒuyīwèi jiào hàn wéndì de huángdì, dāng tā mǔqīn bìng zhòng de shíhòu, tā měitiān dū zài bìngchuáng qián zhàogù zìjǐ de mǔqīn, mǔqīn suǒ hē de tāngyào, tā yào qīnkǒu cháng guòhòu, zài gěi mǔqīn hē. Zài bǐrú, zài hàndài yǒuyī wèi jiào huáng xiāng de shàonián, tā zài xiàtiān tiānqì yánrè de shíhòu, wèi fùqīn yòng shànzi bǎ xízi shàn liáng, zài dōngtiān tiānqì hánlěng de shíhòu, yòng shēntǐ wèi fùqīn wēnnuǎn bèizi.

Duì zhōngguó rén lái shuō, duì zìjǐ de fùmǔ hǎo, bùjǐn shì yī zhǒng měidé, yěshì měi gèrén yīnggāi jǐn dào de zérèn. Zhōngguó rén rènwéi, zài fùmǔ lǎole yǐhòu, bùjǐn yīnggāi zài wùzhí shàng zhīchí tāmen, hái yào zhàogù tāmen, shàndài tāmen. Cǐwài, hái yào tīngcóng fùmǔ hé zhǎngbèi de jiàodǎo, zūnzhòng tāmen de yìyuàn. Rúguǒ yǒurén bù zhèyàng zuò, jiù huì shòudào biérén de zhǐzé.

Dāngrán,“xiào” de sīxiǎng, zài dāngjīn yě shòudàole hěnduō pīpíng. Bǐrú, yǒu hěnduō xuézhě tíchū, chuántǒng wénhuà zhōng de xiào, yāoqiú rénmen bùgù shìfēi, yī wèi de zūncóng cháng bèi de yìyuàn, yǒushí huì shǐ rén zuò chū yúchǔn de shìqíng. Xiànzài dà duō shǔ de niánqīng rén, xiāngduì yú yǐqián de rén lái shuō, gèngjiā xīwàng ànzhào zìjǐ de yìyuàn zuòshì, ér bùshì yīqiè dōu tīngcóng fùmǔ de. Bùguò, nǐ réngrán bù nán fāxiàn, xiāngduì yú xīfāng rén lái shuō, zhōngguó rén zài chéngnián hòu, yǔ fùmǔ de láiwǎng gēng mìqiè, duì tāmen de zhàogù yě gèng duō yīxiē.

Xem danh sách các bài khác

Phần dịch tiếng Việt có trong sách bản cứng: Trung Quốc 247: Mái nhà thân thuộc cả nhà nhé!

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Chú ý: Đây là tài tiệu đi kèm sách bản cứng Trung Quốc 247: Mái nhà thân thuộc. Tài liệu sẽ có ích và có tác dụng tối đa khi dùng cùng sách bản cứng. Cả nhà có thể xem thêm về sách bản cứng nha!

青春片，就是以青春为题材的电影或电视剧，大多是关于青春时期校园里的爱情故事，以及学生们离开校园后的生活。

最近几年，青春题材的电影在中国越来越受欢迎。其中最为人熟知的有：2010年的《老男孩》，2011年的《那些年我们一起追过的女孩》，2013年的《致我们终将逝去的青春》、《小时代》，2014年的《同桌的你》、《匆匆那年》、《北京爱情故事》，还有今年的《何以笙箫默》和《左耳》。凭借巨星效应和铺天盖地的前期宣传，这些电影总是还没上映就引起了全社会的关注。

其实青春片的故事情节比较简单，拍摄手法没什么特别，拍摄成本也远没有动作片那么高。但是因为青春片中的场景很容易让观众产生共鸣，回忆起自己的青春时代和初恋情人，所以中国的80后（也就是1980年以后出生的人），甚至90后，都很喜欢和恋人或者朋友一起去影院看青春片。

1980年9月，中国政府发表了一封公开信，主要内容是“提倡一对夫妇只生育一个孩子”。后来，提议变成了强制。这就是中国的计划生育政策。80后相对于他们的父母来说，从小生活条件比较好，能够接受更好的教育，接触到更多的新鲜事物，所以有更值得怀念的青春。而现在，80后们都已经走入社会，承受着工作和生活的种种压力。下了班坐在电影院里怀念自己的青春校园生活，对他们来说无疑是一种很好的减压方式。至于电影本身是不是优秀，已经不是那么重要了。

最后，请大家欣赏一首我很喜欢的歌，是电影《匆匆那年》的同名主题曲，由王菲演唱，希望你们喜欢。

匆匆那年（电影《匆匆那年》主题曲）
作词：林夕
作曲：梁翘柏
演唱：王菲

匆匆那年我们 究竟说了几遍 再见之后再拖延
可惜谁有没有 爱过不是一场 七情上面的雄辩
匆匆那年我们 一时匆忙撂下 难以承受的诺言
只有等别人兑现

不怪那吻痕还 没积累成茧
拥抱着冬眠也没能 羽化再成仙
不怪这一段情 没空反复再排练
是岁月宽容恩赐 反悔的时间

如果再见不能红着眼 是否还能红着脸
就像那年匆促 刻下永远一起 那样美丽的谣言
如果过去还值得眷恋 别太快冰释前嫌
谁甘心就这样 彼此无挂也无牵
我们要互相亏欠 要不然凭何怀缅

匆匆那年我们 见过太少世面 只爱看同一张脸
那么莫名其妙 那么讨人欢喜 闹起来又太讨厌
相爱那年活该 匆匆因为我们 不懂顽固的诺言
只是分手的前言

不怪那天太冷 泪滴水成冰
春风也一样没 吹进凝固的照片
不怪每一个人 没能完整爱一遍
是岁月善意落下 残缺的悬念

如果再见不能红着眼 是否还能红着脸
就像那年匆促 刻下永远一起 那样美丽的谣言
如果过去还值得眷恋 别太快冰释前嫌
谁甘心就这样 彼此无挂也无牵

如果再见不能红着眼 是否还能红着脸
就像那年匆促 刻下永远一起 那样美丽的谣言
如果过去还值得眷恋 别太快冰释前嫌
谁甘心就这样 彼此无挂也无牵
我们要互相亏欠
我们要藕断丝连

青春片，就是以青春為題材的電影或電視劇，大多是關於青春時期校園裡的愛情故事，以及學生們離開校園後的生活。

最近幾年，青春題材的電影在中國越來越受歡迎。其中最為人熟知的有：2010年的《老男孩》，2011年的《那些年我們一起追過的女孩》，2013年的《致我們終將逝去的青春》、《小時代》，2014年的《同桌的你》、《匆匆那年》、《北京愛情故事》，還有今年的《何以笙簫默》和《左耳》。憑藉巨星效應和鋪天蓋地的前期宣傳，這些電影總是還沒上映就引起了全社會的關注。

其實青春片的故事情節比較簡單，拍攝手法沒什麼特別，拍攝成本也遠沒有動作片那麼高。但是因為青春片中的場景很容易讓觀眾產生共鳴，回憶起自己的青春時代和初戀情人，所以中國的80後（也就是1980年以後出生的人），甚至90後，都很喜歡和戀人或者朋友一起去影院看青春片。

1980年9月，中國政府發表了一封公開信，主要內容是“提倡一對夫婦只生育一個孩子”。後來，提議變成了強制。這就是中國的計劃生育政策。 80後相對於他們的父母來說，從小生活條件比較好，能夠接受更好的教育，接觸到更多的新鮮事物，所以有更值得懷念的青春。而現在，80後們都已經走入社會，承受著工作和生活的種種壓力。下了班坐在電影院裡懷念自己的青春校園生活，對他們來說無疑是一種很好的減壓方式。至於電影本身是不是優秀，已經不是那麼重要了。

最後，請大家欣賞一首我很喜歡的歌，是電影《匆匆那年》的同名主題曲，由王菲演唱，希望你們喜歡。

匆匆那年（電影《匆匆那年》主題曲）
作詞：林夕
作曲：梁翹柏
演唱：王菲

匆匆那年我們 究竟說了幾遍 再見之後再拖延
可惜誰有沒有 愛過不是一場 七情上面的雄辯
匆匆那年我們 一時匆忙撂下 難以承受的諾言
只有等別人兌現

不怪那吻痕還 沒積累成繭
擁抱著冬眠也沒能 羽化再成仙
不怪這一段情 沒空反复再排練
是歲月寬容恩賜 反悔的時間

如果再見不能紅著眼 是否還能紅著臉
就像那年匆促 刻下永遠一起 那樣美麗的謠言
如果過去還值得眷戀 別太快冰釋前嫌
誰甘心就這樣 彼此無掛也無牽
我們要互相虧欠 要不然憑何懷緬

匆匆那年我們 見過太少世面 只愛看同一張臉
那麼莫名其妙 那麼討人歡喜 鬧起來又太討厭
相愛那年活該 匆匆因為我們 不懂頑固的諾言
只是分手的前言

不怪那天太冷 淚滴水成冰
春風也一樣沒 吹進凝固的照片
不怪每一個人 沒能完整愛一遍
是歲月善意落下 殘缺的懸念

如果再見不能紅著眼 是否還能紅著臉
就像那年匆促 刻下永遠一起 那樣美麗的謠言
如果過去還值得眷戀 別太快冰釋前嫌
誰甘心就這樣 彼此無掛也無牽

如果再見不能紅著眼 是否還能紅著臉
就像那年匆促 刻下永遠一起 那樣美麗的謠言
如果過去還值得眷戀 別太快冰釋前嫌
誰甘心就這樣 彼此無掛也無牽
我們要互相虧欠
我們要藕斷絲連

Qīngchūn piàn, jiùshì yǐ qīngchūn wèi tícái de diànyǐng huò diànshìjù, dàduō shì guānyú qīngchūn shíqí xiàoyuán lǐ de àiqíng gùshì, yǐjí xuéshēngmen líkāi xiàoyuán hòu de shēnghuó.

Zuìjìn jǐ nián, qīngchūn tícái de diànyǐng zài zhōngguó yuè lái yuè shòu huānyíng. Qízhōng zuìwéi rén shúzhī de yǒu:2010 Nián de “lǎo nánhái”,2011 nián de “nàxiē nián wǒmen yīqǐ zhuīguò de nǚhái”,2013 nián de “zhì wǒmen zhōng jiāng shìqù de qīngchūn”,“xiǎo shídài”,2014 nián de “tóng zhuō de nǐ”,“cōngcōng nà nián”,“běijīng àiqíng gùshì”, hái yǒu jīnnián de “héyǐ shēng xiāo mò” hé “zuǒ ěr”. Píngjiè jùxīng xiàoyìng hé pūtiāngàidì de qiánqí xuānchuán, zhèxiē diànyǐng zǒng shì hái méi shàngyìng jiù yǐnqǐle quán shèhuì de guānzhù.

Qíshí qīngchūn piàn de gùshì qíngjié bǐjiào jiǎndān, pāishè shǒufǎ méishénme tèbié, pāishè chéngběn yě yuǎn méiyǒu dòngzuò piàn nàme gāo. Dànshì yīnwèi qīngchūn piàn zhōng de chǎngjǐng hěn róngyì ràng guānzhòng chǎnshēng gòngmíng, huíyì qǐ zìjǐ de qīngchūn shídài hé chūliàn qíngrén, suǒyǐ zhōngguó de 80 hòu (yě jiùshì 1980 nián yǐhòu chūshēng de rén), shènzhì 90 hòu, dōu hěn xǐhuān hé liànrén huòzhě péngyǒu yīqǐ qù yǐngyuàn kān qīngchūn piàn.

1980 Nián 9 yuè, zhōngguó zhèngfǔ fābiǎole yī fēng gōngkāixìn, zhǔyào nèiróng shì “tíchàng yī duì fūfù zhǐ shēngyù yīgè háizi”. Hòulái, tíyì biàn chéngle qiángzhì. Zhè jiùshì zhōngguó de jìhuà shēngyù zhèngcè.80 Hòu xiāngduì yú tāmen de fùmǔ lái shuō, cóngxiǎo shēnghuó tiáojiàn bǐjiào hǎo, nénggòu jiēshòu gèng hǎo de jiàoyù, jiēchù dào gèng duō de xīnxiān shìwù, suǒyǐ yǒu gèng zhídé huáiniàn de qīngchūn. Ér xiànzài,80 hòumen dōu yǐjīng zǒu rù shèhuì, chéngshòuzhe gōngzuò hé shēnghuó de zhǒngzhǒng yālì. Xiàle bān zuò zài diànyǐngyuàn lǐ huáiniàn zìjǐ de qīngchūn xiàoyuán shēnghuó, duì tāmen lái shuō wúyí shì yī zhǒng hěn hǎo de jiǎn yā fāngshì. Zhìyú diànyǐng běnshēn shì bùshì yōuxiù, yǐjīng bùshì nàme zhòngyàole.

Zuìhòu, qǐng dàjiā xīnshǎng yī shǒu wǒ hěn xǐhuān de gē, shì diànyǐng “cōngcōng nà nián” de tóngmíng zhǔtí qū, yóu wángfēi yǎnchàng, xīwàng nǐmen xǐhuān.

Cōngcōng nà nián (diànyǐng “cōngcōng nà nián” zhǔtí qū)
zuòcí: Línxī
zuòqǔ: Liángqiàobǎi
yǎnchàng: Wángfēi

cōngcōng nà nián wǒmen jiùjìng shuōle jǐ biàn zàijiàn zhīhòu zài tuōyán
kěxí shéi yǒu méiyǒu àiguò bu shì yī chǎng qī qíng shàngmiàn de xióngbiàn
cōngcōng nà nián wǒmen yīshí cōngmáng liào xià nányǐ chéngshòu de nuòyán
zhǐyǒu děng biérén duìxiàn

bù guài nà wěn hén hái méi jīlěi chéng jiǎn
yǒngbàozhe dōngmián yě méi néng yǔhuà zài chéng xiān
bù guài zhè yīduàn qíng méi kōng fǎnfù zài páiliàn
shì suìyuè kuānróng ēncì fǎnhuǐ de shíjiān

rúguǒ zàijiàn bùnéng hóng zhuóyǎn shìfǒu hái néng hóngzhe liǎn
jiù xiàng nà nián cōngcù kèxià yǒngyuǎn yīqǐ nàyàng měilì de yáoyán
rúguǒ guòqù hái zhídé juànliàn bié tài kuài bīngshì qiánxián
shéi gānxīn jiù zhèyàng bǐcǐ wú guà yě wú qiān
wǒmen yào hùxiāng kuīqiàn yào bùrán píng hé huái miǎn

cōngcōng nà nián wǒmen jiànguò tài shǎo shìmiàn zhǐ ài kàn tóngyī zhāng liǎn
nàme mòmíngqímiào nàme tǎo rén huānxǐ nào qǐlái yòu tài tǎoyàn
xiāng’ài nà nián huógāi cōngcōng yīnwèi wǒmen bù dǒng wángù de nuòyán
zhǐshì fēnshǒu de qiányán

bù guài nèitiān tài lěng lèi dīshuǐchéngbīng
chūnfēng yě yīyàng méi chuī jìn nínggù de zhàopiàn
bù guài měi yīgè rén méi néng wánzhěng ài yībiàn
shì suìyuè shànyì luòxià cánquē de xuánniàn

rúguǒ zàijiàn bùnéng hóng zhuóyǎn shìfǒu hái néng hóngzhe liǎn
jiù xiàng nà nián cōngcù kèxià yǒngyuǎn yīqǐ nàyàng měilì de yáoyán
rúguǒ guòqù hái zhídé juànliàn bié tài kuài bīngshì qiánxián
shéi gānxīn jiù zhèyàng bǐcǐ wú guà yě wú qiān

rúguǒ zàijiàn bùnéng hóng zhuóyǎn shìfǒu hái néng hóngzhe liǎn
jiù xiàng nà nián cōngcù kèxià yǒngyuǎn yīqǐ nàyàng měilì de yáoyán
rúguǒ guòqù hái zhídé juànliàn bié tài kuài bīngshì qiánxián
shéi gānxīn jiù zhèyàng bǐ cǐ wú guà yě wú qiān
wǒmen yào hùxiāng kuīqiàn
wǒmen yào ǒuduànsīlián

‘Qīngchūn films’ are films or TV shows that employ ‘youth/youthfulness/teen’ as a theme. Most are are stories about young love on campus, as well as student life off-campus.

In recent years, ‘teen-themed’ films have become more and more popular in China. Among these, the most well known include: ‘Old Boys’ in 2010, ‘You Are The Apple Of My Eye’ in 2011, ‘So Young’ and ‘Tiny Times’ in 2013, ‘My Old Classmate’, ‘Fleet of Time’, and ‘Beijing Love Story’ from 2014, and also this year’s ‘My Sunshine’ and ‘The Left Ear’ (2015). Thanks to the effect of superstars, and early-stage publicity that ‘blankets the sky and covers the earth’, these films always receive attention from the entire community before even being released.

In reality, the plots of ‘qingchun films’ are relatively simple, the cinematography is nothing special, and the production costs are by far from the costs of making an action movie. But because the scenarios of qingchun films easily create a sympathetic response in the viewers, causing them to recall their first love of their youth, so the post ‘80’s (i.e. those born since the 1980’s), even the post 90’s, both like to with their sweethearts or friends to the cinema to watch qingchun films.

In September of 1980, the Chinese government issued an open letter the main content of which was to advocate every couple to only have one child. Later the suggestion became compulsion. This is the Chinese family planning policy.

For the post 80 generation, in comparison with their parents, from a young age their living conditions were relatively good, they could receive better education, they could have more contact with fresher/newer things so for them there is more value in reminiscing about their youth. And now, the post 80 generation has already become part of society and has to bear all sorts of pressure from work and life. To knock off work and then reminisce about the campus life of their youth is without doubt a way for them to reduce this pressure. As for the quality of the films this is no longer of importance.

生词 – New Vocabulary

青春 – qīngchūn (n) 1. youth 2. youthfulness
题材 – tícái (n) subject matter; theme
最为 – zuìwéi (adv) [used before disyllabic adjectives or verbs] most; the most
凭借 – píngjiè (v) 1. rely on; depend on 2. by means of 3. thanks to
巨星 – jùxīng (n) 1. [astrology] giant star 2. superstar
效应 – xiàoyìng (n) (physical or chemical) effect
宣传 – xuānchuán (v) disseminate; propagate (n) propaganda
上映 – shàngyìng (v) show/screen a film; screen
情节 – qíngjié (n) 1. plot 2. circumstances
拍摄 – pāishè (v) to film; to shoot (a picture)
成本 – chéngběn (n) (net) cost

成语 – Idioms

扑天盖地 – pūtiān-gàidì (idiom) blot out the sky and cover up the earth; blanket everything

Robert Budzul (robert@budzul.com)
Zak Gray (zak_lives@hotmail.com)

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每年六月的时候，我都会梦见高考，有时候梦见自己忘了带准考证，有时候梦见自己忘了带笔，梦中的我很着急，一直哭，然后就醒了。和老同学聊起来，发现不止我一个人梦见高考。对于我们来说，高考是无法磨灭的青春记忆的一部分。

来美国之后，我在一所私立女子高中教汉语，很多学生在为申请大学做准备，偶尔她们也会问我，中国学生怎样才能进入大学，要准备哪些材料。有一次，我就专门准备了一节课。和她们谈谈中国的高考。

在中国，小学一般是五年或者六年，中学分为初中三年和高中三年。高考常常在高三的六月举行，每年只有一次。错过了，或者说失败了，只能明年六月再来。所以高中生们都把它称作“黑色的六月”。

和美国孩子不一样，在中国考大学不需要推荐信，也不需要申请信。大部分只需要高考成绩。在这种压力下，很多学校都让老师们在高一、高二的时候把高考要考的东西全部教完。高三一年，老师们主要就组织学生复习，模拟考试。

因为高考竞争激烈，所以很多学生除了在学校努力学习，还在校外读补习班。有一部电影反映了高考学生、老师们的生活状态，感兴趣的朋友们可以找来看看：《青春派》。YouTube上就能找到。

如果有一些特长，比如美术、音乐、舞蹈、乐器、体育等等，就可以稍微轻松一些，大学对他们的高考成绩要求相对低一些。

这两年，中国的高考也在改革，几个大学联合起来，提前招生，面试等等。少数优秀学生可以走这条路，这些学生一般需要校长的推荐信。

在中国，如果你有北京户口，考北京大学、清华大学，就会比其他地方的人考这些大学容易一些。因为北京的大学在北京当地招的学生人数更多，这样录取的分数也就更低。所以，来自不同的省的学生考同一所大学的难度是不一样的。

这也是为什么很多人一定要去北京上海这些地方工作、买房子，是为了拿这些地方的户口，为了孩子将来能接受更好的教育。

从这个角度来看，高考的确有一些不公平的地方。但是，对于很多普通人来说，高考已经是比较公平的了，只要高考考得好，无论你出生在什么样的家庭，都有机会进入中国一流的大学学习。

每年六月的時候，我都會夢見高考，有時候夢見自己忘了帶准考證，有時候夢見自己忘了帶筆，夢中的我很著急，一直哭，然後就醒了。和老同學聊起來，發現不止我一個人夢見高考。對於我們來說，高考是無法磨滅的青春記憶的一部分。

來美國之後，我在一所私立女子高中教漢語，很多學生在為申請大學做準備，偶爾她們也會問我，中國學生怎樣才能進入大學，要準備哪些材料。有一次，我就專門準備了一節課。和她們談談中國的高考。

在中國，小學一般是五年或者六年，中學分為初中三年和高中三年。高考常常在高三的六月舉行，每年只有一次。錯過了，或者說失敗了，只能明年六月再來。所以高中生們都把它稱作“黑色的六月”。

和美國孩子不一樣，在中國考大學不需要推薦信，也不需要申請信。大部分只需要高考成績。在這種壓力下，很多學校都讓老師們在高一、高二的時候把高考要考的東西全部教完。高三一年，老師們主要就組織學生復習，模擬考試。

因為高考競爭激烈，所​​以很多學生除了在學校努力學習，還在校外讀補習班。有一部電影反映了高考學生、老師們的生活狀態，感興趣的朋友們可以找來看看：《青春派》。 YouTube上就能找到。

如果有一些特長，比如美術、音樂、舞蹈、樂器、體育等等，就可以稍微輕鬆一些，大學對他們的高考成績要求相對低一些。

這兩年，中國的高考也在改革，幾個大學聯合起來，提前招生，面試等等。少數優秀學生可以走這條路，這些學生一般需要校長的推薦信。

在中國，如果你有北京戶口，考北京大學、清華大學，就會比其他地方的人考這些大學容易一些。因為北京的大學在北京當地招的學生人數更多，這樣錄取的分數也就更低。所以，來自不同的省的學生考同一所大學的難度是不一樣的。

這也是為什麼很多人一定要去北京上海這些地方工作、買房子，是為了拿這些地方的戶口，為了孩子將來能接受更好的教育。

從這個角度來看，高考的確有一些不公平的地方。但是，對於很多普通人來說，高考已經是比較公平的了，只要高考考得好，無論你出生在什麼樣的家庭，都有機會進入中國一流的大學學習。

Měinián liù yuè de shíhòu, wǒ dõuhuì mèng jiàn gāokǎo, yǒu shíhòu mèng jiàn zìjǐ wàngle dài zhǔn kǎozhèng, yǒu shíhòu mèng jiàn zìjǐ wàngle dài bǐ, mèng zhōng de wǒ hěn zhāojí, yīzhí kū, ránhòu jiù xǐngle. Hé lǎo tóngxué liáo qǐlái, fāxiàn bùzhǐ wǒ yīgè rén mèng jiàn gāokǎo. Duìyú wǒmen lái shuō, gāokǎoshì wúfǎ mómiè de qīngchūn jìyì de yībùfèn.

Lái měiguó zhīhòu, wǒ zài yī suǒ sīlì nǚzǐ gāozhōng jiào hànyǔ, hěnduō xuéshēng zài wèi shēnqǐng dàxué zuò zhǔnbèi, ǒu’ěr tāmen yě huì wèn wǒ, zhōngguó xuéshēng zěnyàng cáinéng jìnrù dàxué, yào zhǔnbèi nǎxiē cáiliào. Yǒuyīcì, wǒ jiù zhuānmén zhǔnbèile yī jié kè. Hé tāmen tán tán zhōngguó de gāokǎo.

Zài zhōngguó, xiǎoxué yībān shì wǔ nián huòzhě liù nián, zhōngxué fēn wéi chū zhòng sān nián hé gāo zhòng sān nián. Gāokǎo chángcháng zài gāosān de liù yuè jǔxíng, měinián zhǐyǒu yīcì. Cuòguòle, huòzhě shuō shībàile, zhǐ néng míngnián liù yuè zàilái. Suǒyǐ gāozhōng shēngmen dōu bǎ tā chēng zuò “hēisè de liù yuè”.

Hé měiguó háizi bù yīyàng, zài zhōngguó kǎo dàxué bù xūyào tuījiàn xìn, yě bù xūyào shēnqǐng xìn. Dà bùfèn zhǐ xūyào gāokǎo chéngjī. Zài zhè zhǒng yālì xià, hěnduō xuéxiào dōu ràng lǎoshīmen zài gāo yī, gāo’èr de shíhòu bǎ gāokǎo yào kǎo de dōngxī quánbù jiào wán. Gāo sānyī nián, lǎoshīmen zhǔyào jiù zǔzhī xuéshēng fùxí, mónǐ kǎo shì.

Yīnwèi gāokǎo jìngzhēng jīliè, suǒyǐ hěnduō xuéshēng chúle zài xuéxiào nǔlì xuéxí, hái zài xiàowài dú bǔxí bān. Yǒu yī bù diànyǐng fǎnyìngle gāokǎo xuéshēng, lǎoshīmen de shēnghuó zhuàngtài, gǎn xìngqù de péngyǒumen kěyǐ zhǎo lái kàn kàn:“Qīngchūn pài”.YouTube shàng jiù néng zhǎodào.

Rúguǒ yǒu yīxiē tècháng, bǐrú měishù, yīnyuè, wǔdǎo, yuèqì, tǐyù děng děng, jiù kěyǐ shāowéi qīngsōng yīxiē, dàxué duì tāmen de gāokǎo chéngjī yāoqiú xiāngduì dī yīxiē.

Zhè liǎng nián, zhōngguó de gāokǎo yě zài gǎigé, jǐ gè dàxué liánhé qǐlái, tíqián zhāoshēng, miànshì děng děng. Shǎoshù yōuxiù xuéshēng kěyǐ zǒu zhè tiáo lù, zhèxiē xuéshēng yībān xūyào xiàozhǎng de tuījiàn xìn.

Zài zhōngguó, rúguǒ nǐ yǒu běijīng hùkǒu, kǎo běijīng dàxué, qīnghuá dàxué, jiù huì bǐ qítā dìfāng de rén kǎo zhèxiē dàxué róngyì yīxiē. Yīnwèi běijīng de dàxué zài běijīng dāngdì zhāo de xuéshēng rénshù gèng duō, zhèyàng lùqǔ de fēnshù yě jiù gèng dī. Suǒyǐ, láizì bùtóng de shěng de xuéshēng kǎo tóngyī suǒ dàxué de nándù shì bù yīyàng de.

Zhè yěshì wèishéme hěnduō rén yīdìng yào qù běijīng shànghǎi zhèxiē dìfāng gōngzuò, mǎi fángzi, shì wèile ná zhèxiē dìfāng de hùkǒu, wèile háizi jiānglái néng jiēshòu gèng hǎo de jiàoyù.

Cóng zhège jiǎodù lái kàn, gāokǎo díquè yǒu yīxiē bù gōngpíng de dìfāng. Dànshì, duìyú hěnduō pǔtōng rén lái shuō, gāokǎo yǐjīng shì bǐjiào gōngpíng dele, zhǐyào gāokǎo kǎo dé hǎo, wúlùn nǐ chūshēng zài shénme yàng de jiātíng, dōu yǒu jīhuì jìnrù zhōngguó yīliú de dàxué xuéxí.

Every year in June I always dream about the ‘gaokao’. Sometimes I dream that I forgot to take my (certificate giving me) permission to take the ‘gaokao’, sometimes I dream about forgetting to take a pen. The ‘me’ in the dream is always anxious, always crying… then I wake up. If I chat with former fellow students I discover that it’s not just me that dreams about the ‘gaokao’. For us, the ‘gaokao’ is a part of our youth that can’t be wiped from our memory.

After coming to America I taught Chinese at a private girls’ high school. Many students there make preparations for applying for university. Sometimes they would ask me, what Chinese students have to do to enter university, what material do they have to prepare? Once I prepared a special lesson in which I discussed the Chinese ‘gaokao’ with them.

In China primary school generally is five or six years while high school is divided into two – three years junior high school and three years senior high school. ‘Gaokao’ is always held only once a year in June of the third year of senior high. If you miss it, in other words, fail, you have no choice but to do it again the following year. So junior high school students call it ‘black June’.
Unlike American children, in China, to take a university entrance examination, one doesn’t need a letter of recommendation nor does one need to write an application; in general one just needs success in the ‘gaokao’. Under this sort of pressure, many students in first and second year of senior high school have their teachers go over what will be examined in the ‘gaokao’ in full. Then in third year the teacher will mainly organise the students’ study and give them mock exams.

Because the competition for the ‘kaokao’ is so intense, many students not only study hard at school but they study at cram schools. There is a movie which reflects the situation of students and teachers. Anyone out there interested can find the film by searching for ‘青春派’. It can be found on YouTube. Those with a special ability, such as in art, music, dance, a musical instrument or sport can relax a little as the ‘gaokao’ requirements for these students at university is a little lower.

Over the last few years China’s ‘gaokao’ has been going through a change and several universities together have enrolled students in advance and given interviews. A small number of outstanding students can follow this path but in general these students need a letter or recommendation from their headmaster.

For those with a Beijing ‘hukou’, it’s slightly easier for them to gain admittance to Peking University or Qinghua University than those students from other areas. Because Beijing universities recruit higher numbers of students from the local area, the test score for admission is lower for them. So the difficulty of entering the same university is not the same for students coming from different provinces.

This is the reason many people absolutely want to move to Shanghai or Beijing to work and buy an apartment and thus receive the ‘hukou’ for these places. So that their children in the future will receive a better education.

Looking at it from this point of view the ‘gaokao’ does indeed have some aspects which aren’t fair. But for many ordinary people the ‘gaokao’ is relatively fair. You only need to perform well in the ‘gaokao’ and it doesn’t matter into what sort of family you were born, you have the opportunity to study at China’s top universities.

Robert Budzul (robert@budzul.com)
Zak Gray (zak_lives@hotmail.com)

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Phần dịch tiếng Việt có trong sách bản cứng: Trung Quốc 247: Mái nhà thân thuộc cả nhà nhé!

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Chú ý: Đây là tài tiệu đi kèm sách bản cứng Trung Quốc 247: Mái nhà thân thuộc. Tài liệu sẽ có ích và có tác dụng tối đa khi dùng cùng sách bản cứng. Cả nhà có thể xem thêm về sách bản cứng nha!

记得大学毕业后，第一次走上讲台，面对外国学生，我做了一份小小的调查表，了解他们的年龄、爱好、家长联系方式等等。当把表格都收上来的时候，发现即使是出生在同一年的学生，年龄也不一样。有的十四岁，有的十三岁。我很好奇：明明是出生在同一年，为什么年龄不一样？

后来，我问了一下，才知道因为有的学生生日还没过，所以是十三岁，有的生日已经过了，所以大一岁。由此我明白了，原来他们计算年龄是按照具体的生日那一天来算的。

中国人有“虚岁”和“周岁”两种不同的年龄计算方法。在我的家乡，我们很少按照生日来计算，都是按照出生的年份。比如，我是1988年出生的，今年是2015年，所以我虚岁是28岁，周岁是27岁。每过完一个春节，年龄就会增加一岁。

为什么会有“虚岁”的说法呢？因为很多中国人觉得在母亲身体里的那一段时间也应该算作年龄的一部分。虽然母亲怀孕不到一年，但是也有近十个月，所以算上这一年，就有了“虚岁”之说。刚出生的宝宝虚岁就是一岁，如果宝宝在春节前出生，过完春节，虚岁就是两岁了。

在中国，很少有人直接问对方年龄。无论是同龄人之间，还是长辈问晚辈。大部分时候，大家问的都是：你属什么？然后通过对方的外貌估计一下大约多少岁，根据属相算出具体的年龄。属相也叫生肖，十二生肖分别是十二种动物：鼠牛虎兔、龙蛇马羊、猴鸡狗猪。一轮是十二年。如果对方和自己年龄相差不大，算起来就更容易了。比如我妈妈属羊，我爸爸属马，我爸爸就比我妈妈大一岁。我属龙，我妹妹属羊，我比我妹妹大三岁。我妹妹和我妈妈都属羊，我妈妈比我妹妹大两轮，也就是大二十四岁。

这招对外国朋友可能不太管用，我常常看不出对方的年龄。我的同事是美国人，西班牙后裔，我一直以为她三十岁左右，有一天聊起她的妹妹，才知道原来比她小两岁的妹妹都已经四十五岁了。想必外国朋友看中国人也差不多。

因为我在女子高中工作，有一次我去附近的超市买东西，超市收银处的帅小伙问我是不是任教女校的学生。我说：不是，我是中文老师。他问：你多大？我笑了笑，说：二十七岁。然后他就惊呆了。

关于年龄，你遇到过什么有趣的事情吗？欢迎和我们分享。

記得大學畢業後，第一次走上講台，面對外國學生，我做了一份小小的調查表，了解他們的年齡、愛好、家長聯繫方式等等。當把表格都收上來的時候，發現即使是出生在同一年的學生，年齡也不一樣。有的十四歲，有的十三歲。我很好奇：明明是出生在同一年，為什麼年齡不一樣？

後來，我問了一下，才知道因為有的學生生日還沒過，所以是十三歲，有的生日已經過了，所以大一歲。由此我明白了，原來他們計算年齡是按照具體的生日那一天來算的。

中國人有“虛歲”和“周歲”兩種不同的年齡計算方法。在我的家鄉，我們很少按照生日來計算，都是按照出生的年份。比如，我是1988年出生的，今年是2015年，所以我虛歲是28歲，周歲是27歲。每過完一個春節，年齡就會增加一歲。

為什麼會有“虛歲”的說法呢？因為很多中國人覺得在母親身體裡的那一段時間也應該算作年齡的一部分。雖然母親懷孕不到一年，但是也有近十個月，所以算上這一年，就有了“虛歲”之說。剛出生的寶寶虛歲就是一歲，如果寶寶在春節前出生，過完春節，虛歲就是兩歲了。

在中國，很少有人直接問對方年齡。無論是同齡人之間，還是長輩問晚輩。大部分時候，大家問的都是：你屬什麼？然後通過對方的外貌估計一下大約多少歲，根據屬相算出具體的年齡。屬相也叫生肖，十二生肖分別是十二種動物：鼠牛虎兔、龍蛇馬羊、猴雞狗豬。一輪是十二年。如果對方和自己年齡相差不大，算起來就更容易了。比如我媽媽屬羊，我爸爸屬馬，我爸爸就比我媽媽大一歲。我屬龍，我妹妹屬羊，我比我妹妹大三歲。我妹妹和我媽媽都屬羊，我媽媽比我妹妹大兩輪，也就是大二十四歲。

這招對外國朋友可能不太管用，我常常看不出對方的年齡。我的同事是美國人，西班牙後裔，我一直以為她三十歲左右，有一天聊起她的妹妹，才知道原來比她小兩歲的妹妹都已經四十五歲了。想必外國朋友看中國人也差不多。

因為我在女子高中工作，有一次我去附近的超市買東西，超市收銀處的帥小伙問我是不是任教女校的學生。我說：不是，我是中文老師。他問：你多大？我笑了笑，說：二十七歲。然後他就驚呆了。

關於年齡，你遇到過什麼有趣的事情嗎？歡迎和我們分享。

Jìdé dàxué bìyè hòu, dì yīcì zǒu shàng jiǎngtái, miàn duì wàiguó xuéshēng, wǒ zuòle yī fèn xiǎo xiǎo de diàochá biǎo, liǎojiě tāmen de niánlíng, àihào, jiāzhǎng liánxì fāngshì děng děng. Dāng bǎ biǎogé dōu shōu shànglái de shíhòu, fāxiàn jíshǐ shì chūshēng zài tóngyī nián de xuéshēng, niánlíng yě bù yīyàng. Yǒu de shísì suì, yǒu de shísān suì. Wǒ hěn hàoqí: Míngmíng shì chūshēng zài tóngyī nián, wèishéme niánlíng bù yīyàng?

Hòulái, wǒ wènle yīxià, cái zhīdào yīnwèi yǒu de xuéshēng shēngrì hái méiguò, suǒyǐ shì shísān suì, yǒu de shēngrì yǐjīngguòle, suǒyǐ dà yī suì. Yóu cǐ wǒ míngbáile, yuánlái tāmen jìsuàn niánlíng shì ànzhào jùtǐ de shēngrì nà yītiān lái suàn de.

Zhōngguó rén yǒu “xūsuì” hé “zhōusuì” liǎng zhǒng bùtóng de niánlíng jìsuàn fāngfǎ. Zài wǒ de jiāxiāng, wǒmen hěn shǎo ànzhào shēngrì lái jìsuàn, dōu shì ànzhào chūshēng de niánfèn. Bǐrú, wǒ shì 1988 nián chūshēng de, jīnnián shì 2015 nián, suǒyǐ wǒ xūsuì shì 28 suì, zhōusuì shì 27 suì. Měiguò wán yīgè chūnjié, niánlíng jiù huì zēngjiā yī suì.

Wèishéme huì yǒu “xūsuì” de shuōfǎ ne? Yīnwèi hěnduō zhōngguó rén juédé zài mǔqīn shēntǐ lǐ dì nà yīduàn shíjiān yě yīnggāi suàn zuò niánlíng de yībùfèn. Suīrán mǔqīn huáiyùn bù dào yī nián, dànshì yěyǒu jìn shí gè yuè, suǒyǐ suàn shàng zhè yī nián, jiù yǒule “xūsuì” zhī shuō. Gāng chūshēng de bǎobǎo xūsuì jiùshì yī suì, rúguǒ bǎobǎo zài chūnjié qián chūshēng,guò wán chūnjié, xūsuì jiùshì liǎng suìle.

Zài zhōngguó, hěn shǎo yǒurén zhíjiē wèn duìfāng niánlíng. Wúlùn shì tónglíng rén zhī jiān, háishì zhǎngbèi wèn wǎnbèi. Dà bùfèn shíhòu, dàjiā wèn de dōu shì: Nǐ shǔ shénme? Ránhòu tōngguò duìfāng de wàimào gūjì yīxià dàyuē duōshǎo suì, gēnjù shǔxiang suànchū jùtǐ de niánlíng. Shǔxiang yě jiào shēngxiào, shí’èr shēngxiào fēnbié shì shí’èr zhǒng dòngwù: Shǔ niúhǔ tù, lóng shé mǎ yáng, hóu jī gǒu zhū. Yī lún shì shí’èr nián. Rúguǒ duìfāng hé zìjǐ niánlíng xiāngchà bù dà, suàn qǐlái jiù gèng róngyìle. Bǐrú wǒ māmā shǔ yáng, wǒ bàba shǔ mǎ, wǒ bàba jiù bǐ wǒ māmā dà yī suì. Wǒ shǔ lóng, wǒ mèimei shǔ yáng, wǒ bǐ wǒ mèimei dà sān suì. Wǒ mèimei hé wǒ māmā dōu shǔ yáng, wǒ māmā bǐ wǒ mèimei dà liǎng lún, yě jiùshì dà èrshísì suì.

Zhè zhāo duì wàiguó péngyǒu kěnéng bù tài guǎnyòng, wǒ chángcháng kàn bù chū duìfāng de niánlíng. Wǒ de tóngshì shì měiguó rén, xībānyá hòuyì, wǒ yīzhí yǐwéi tā sānshí suì zuǒyòu, yǒu yītiān liáo qǐ tā de mèimei, cái zhīdào yuánlái bǐ tā xiǎo liǎng suì de mèimei dōu yǐjīng sìshíwǔ suìle. Xiǎngbì wàiguó péngyǒu kàn zhòng guó rén yě chàbùduō.

Yīnwèi wǒ zài nǚzǐ gāozhōng gōngzuò, yǒu yī cì wǒ qù fùjìn de chāoshì mǎi dōngxī, chāoshì shōuyín chǔ de shuài xiǎohuǒ wèn wǒ shì bùshì rènjiào nǚ xiào de xuéshēng. Wǒ shuō: Bùshì, wǒ shì zhōngwén lǎoshī. Tā wèn: Nǐ duōdà? Wǒ xiàole xiào, shuō: Èrshíqī suì. Ránhòu tā jiù jīng dāile.

Guānyú niánlíng, nǐ yù dàoguò shèn me yǒuqù de shìqíng ma? Huānyíng hé wǒmen fēnxiǎng.

I remember that after graduating from university, the first time I was in front of a class, facing foreign students, I did a small survey to find out their ages, hobbies, how they contacted their parents, those sorts of things. Once I had collected all the forms I discovered that even if students were born in the same year their ages weren’t always the same. Some were fourteen, some were thirteen. I was really curious: clearly they were born in the same year, why weren’t they the same age?

Afterwards, after asking, I realised that it was because some of the students hadn’t had their birthday yet so they were thirteen while others had already had their birthday so they were a year older. From this I came to understand that it turns out that they calculated their age according to the actual day of their birthdate.

Chinese have two different methods of calculating age – ‘xusui’ and ‘zhousui’. In my hometown we very rarely calculate according to the day of birth; it’s always by the year of one’s birth. For example, I was born in 1988 and this year is 2015, so according to ‘xusui’ I’m 28, according to ‘shousui’ 27. Every time another Spring Festival (Chinese New Year) passes my age goes up by another year.

Why do we have the term ‘xusui’? Because many Chinese feel that the period of time spent in the mother’s body should be counted towards one’s age. Although the mother is not pregnant for a year, it’s still close to ten months so it’s calculated as a year, so we have this expression ‘xusui’. (1) A baby that has just been born is thus one year old. If the baby is born before Spring Festival, once Spring Festival is over it’s ‘xusui’ age is then two.

In Chinese few people will directly ask another’s age, regardless of whether similarly aged or whether it’s older people asking a younger generation. Most of the time everyone will ask ‘what Chinese zodiac sign are you?’ Then through the other person’s appearance one can estimate the person’s age and then according to their zodiac sign you can work out their actual age. ‘Shuxiang’ is also called ‘shengxiao’. The twelve signs of the zodiac are divided into twelve animals: rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, chicken, dog, pig. One cycle is twelve years. If the difference between the other person’s and your age is not great, it’s even easier to work out. If my mother is the year of the sheep and my father is the year of the horse then my father is one year older than my mother. I was born in the year of the dragon, my younger sister is year of the sheep, I’m three years older than my younger sister. Both my sister and my mother are year of the sheep. My mother is two cycles older than my sister, i.e. 24 years.

This trick is perhaps not as efficacious with foreigners; I often can’t tell their age. My colleague is American, ethnically Spanish. All along I thought she was around thirty years old. One day we were chatting about her younger sister and it was only then that I found out that actually her younger sister, who is two years younger than her, is already forty-five. I think it must be about the same for foreigners looking at Chinese.

Because I work at a senior high school for girls, I was once in a nearby supermarket shopping and the young chap at the check-out asked me whether I was a student at the school where I was teaching. I said: ‘no, I teach Chinese.’ He asked: ‘how old are you?’ I laughed and said: ‘Twenty seven’. After that he was stunned. What interesting things have you encountered to do with age? You’re welcome to share them with us.

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Note:

My dictionary let me down here. On enquiry I found out that 讲台 is the spot for the teacher up the front of the class.

2. 属: It’s worth taking note of this word. It will inevitably come up in conversation. The construction with 属 is quite different from the English – ‘born in the year of’ so one should take particular notice of the way it’s used in a sentence. e.g. 你属什么？ = Which Chinese zodiac animal are you?

Interestingly enough, as a foreigner I used to think that Chinese were asking my zodiac sign through some superstition to do with what it might show about the sort of person I am. Now it seems that they probably just wanted to know how old I am.

Robert Budzul (robert@budzul.com)
Zak Gray (zak_lives@hotmail.com)

Xem danh sách các bài khác

Phần dịch tiếng Việt có trong sách bản cứng: Trung Quốc 247: Mái nhà thân thuộc cả nhà nhé!

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Chú ý: Đây là tài tiệu đi kèm sách bản cứng Trung Quốc 247: Mái nhà thân thuộc. Tài liệu sẽ có ích và có tác dụng tối đa khi dùng cùng sách bản cứng. Cả nhà có thể xem thêm về sách bản cứng nha!

日本人安藤百福在1958年发明了泡面。我一直觉得这是一项很伟大的发明。究竟是什么样的天才才能想出这样的主意？只需要开水和三分钟，一碗热腾腾的泡面就可以上桌了，还有什么能比这个更方便吗？

也正因为如此方便，泡面也叫做方便面。泡面的记忆可以追溯到中学时代，我在寄宿学校上学。每天晚上都有晚自习，下课回到宿舍已经是九点多了，大家都会泡上一碗泡面，边吃边聊。有时候时间宽裕，也会结伴去校外吃夜宵。但是大多数时候，都是泡面。现在的中学生条件好多了，想必吃泡面的不多了。

很多国家都有泡面。比如，菲律宾也有泡面，但菲律宾泡面和中国的不一样。中国的泡面常常有两到三包调料，一包油、一包酱料，还有一包是干的蔬菜。菲律宾的泡面常常只有一包调料。我在美国也吃过泡面，美国人叫它“杯面”，因为泡面是装在一个小杯子里面的。但是我最怀念的还是中国味道的泡面，种类多，味道也不错：有酸菜面、红烧牛肉面、海鲜面等等。

除了泡面，中国还有很多类似泡面的衍生产品，比如泡粉丝。很多人觉得泡粉丝更健康，因为泡面里面的面饼是油炸的，泡粉丝里面的粉丝不是。所以广告上都说：非油炸、更健康。还有干拌面。干拌面就是泡过面之后，把水倒了，把面捞出来拌酱料。也很好吃。

泡面闻起来很香在中国几乎是公认的，不过外国朋友不一定喜欢。如果你有在中国坐长途火车的经历，一定能在车厢看到不少人在吃泡面。闻起来香，其实吃起来不一定真的那么好吃。如果在家不赶时间的话，既使吃泡面，我还是会选择自己准备鸡蛋、青菜、肉类，做一份更有营养、更丰盛的泡面。

你吃过泡面吗？你们国家的泡面是怎样的？你觉得好吃吗？

日本人安藤百福在1958年發明了泡麵。我一直覺得這是一項很偉大的發明。究竟是什麼樣的天才才能想出這樣的主意？只需要開水和三分鐘，一碗熱騰騰的泡麵就可以上桌了，還有什麼能比這個更方便嗎？

也正因為如此方便，泡麵也叫做方便麵。泡麵的記憶可以追溯到中學時代，我在寄宿學校上學。每天晚上都有晚自習，下課回到宿舍已經是九點多了，大家都會泡上一碗泡麵，邊吃邊聊。有時候時間寬裕，也會結伴去校外吃夜宵。但是大多數時候，都是泡麵。現在的中學生條件好多了，想必吃泡麵的不多了。

很多國家都有泡麵。比如，菲律賓也有泡麵，但菲律賓泡麵和中國的不一樣。中國的泡麵常常有兩到三包調料，一包油、一包醬料，還有一包是乾的蔬菜。菲律賓的泡麵常常只有一包調料。我在美國也吃過泡麵，美國人叫它“杯麵”，因為泡麵是裝在一個小杯子裡面的。但是我最懷念的還是中國味道的泡麵，種類多，味道也不錯：有酸菜面、紅燒牛肉麵、海鮮面等等。

除了泡麵，中國還有很多類似泡麵的衍生產品，比如泡粉絲。很多人覺得泡粉絲更健康，因為泡麵裡面的麵餅是油炸的，泡粉絲裡面的粉絲不是。所以廣告上都說：非油炸、更健康。還有乾拌麵。乾拌面就是泡過面之後，把水倒了，把麵撈出來拌醬料。也很好吃。

泡麵聞起來很香在中國幾乎是公認的，不過外國朋友不一定喜歡。如果你有在中國坐長途火車的經歷，一定能在車廂看到不少人在吃泡麵。聞起來香，其實吃起來不一定真的那麼好吃。如果在家不趕時間的話，既使吃泡麵，我還是會選擇自己準備雞蛋、青菜、肉類，做一份更有營養、更豐盛的泡麵。

你吃過泡麵嗎？你們國家的泡麵是怎樣的？你覺得好吃嗎？

Rìběn rén ānténg bǎi fú zài 1958 nián fāmíngle pào miàn. Wǒ yīzhí juédé zhè shì yī xiàng hěn wěidà de fǎ míng. Jiùjìng shì shénme yàng de tiāncái cáinéng xiǎng chū zhèyàng de zhǔyì? Zhǐ xūyào kāishuǐ hé sān fēnzhōng, yī wǎn rè téngténg de pào miàn jiù kěyǐ shàng zhuōle, hái yǒu shenme néng bǐ zhège gèng fāngbiàn ma?

Yě zhèng yīnwèi rúcǐ fāngbiàn, pào miàn yě jiàozuò fāngbiànmiàn. Pào miàn de jìyì kěyǐ zhuīsù dào zhōngxué shídài, wǒ zài jìsù xuéxiào shàngxué. Měitiān wǎnshàng dõu yǒu wǎn zìxí, xiàkè huí dào sùshè yǐjīng shì jiǔ diǎn duōle, dàjiā dūhuì pào shàng yī wǎn pào miàn, biān chī biān liáo. Yǒu shíhòu shíjiān kuānyù, yě huì jiébàn qù xiàowài chī yèxiāo. Dànshì dà duōshù shíhòu, dōu shì pào miàn. Xiànzài de zhōngxuéshēng tiáojiàn hǎoduōle, xiǎngbì chī pào miàn de bù duōle.

Hěnduō guójiā dōu yǒu pào miàn. Bǐrú, fēilǜbīn yěyǒu pào miàn, dàn fēilǜbīn pào miàn hé zhōngguó de bù yīyàng. Zhōngguó de pào miàn chángcháng yǒu liǎng dào sān bāo tiáoliào, yī bāo yóu, yī bāo jiàng liào, hái yǒuyī bāo shì gàn de shūcài. Fēilǜbīn de pào miàn chángcháng zhǐyǒu yī bāo tiáoliào. Wǒ zài měiguó yě chīguò pào miàn, měiguó rén jiào tā “bēi miàn”, yīn wéi pào miàn shì zhuāng zài yīgè xiǎo bēizi lǐmiàn de. Dànshì wǒ zuì huáiniàn de háishì zhōngguó wèidào de pào miàn, zhǒnglèi duō, wèidào yě bùcuò: Yǒu suāncài miàn, hóngshāo niúròu miàn, hǎixiān miàn děng děng.

Chúle pào miàn, zhōngguó hái yǒu hěnduō lèisì pào miàn de yǎnshēng chǎnpǐn, bǐrú pào fěnsī. Hěnduō rén juédé pào fěnsī gèng jiànkāng, yīn wéi pào miàn lǐmiàn de miàn bǐng shì yóu zhá de, pào fěnsī lǐmiàn de fěnsī bùshì. Suǒyǐ guǎnggào shàng dõu shuō: Fēi yóu zhá, gèng jiànkāng. Hái yǒu gān bàn miàn. Gān bàn miàn jiùshì pàoguò miàn zhīhòu, bǎ shuǐ dàole, bǎ miàn lāo chū lái bàn jiàng liào. Yě hěn hào chī.

Pào miàn wén qǐlái hěn xiāng zài zhōngguó jīhū shì gōngrèn de, bùguò wàiguó péngyǒu bù yīdìng xǐhuān. Rúguǒ nǐ yǒu zài zhōngguó zuò chángtú huǒchē de jīnglì, yīdìng néng zài chēxiāng kàn dào bù shǎo rén zài chī pào miàn. Wén qǐlái xiāng, qíshí chī qǐlái bu yīdìng zhēn dì nàme hào chī. Rúguǒ zàijiā bù gǎn shíjiān dehuà, jì shǐ chī pào miàn, wǒ háishì huì xuǎnzé zìjǐ zhǔnbèi jīdàn, qīngcài, ròu lèi, zuò yī fèn gèng yǒu yíngyǎng, gèng fēngshèng de pào miàn.

Ando Momofuku of Japan invented instant noodles in 1958. I have always felt that this is a great invention. After all, what sort of genius do you have to be to come up with such an idea!? You just need boiling water and three minutes and a bowl of steaming hot noodles can be on the table. What could be more convenient?

Also because they are convenient like this, they are also called ‘convenient noodles’. My memories of instant noodles date back to my time at middle school when I studied at a boarding school. Every evening we had self study sessions and after returning to the dormitory after these sessions it would already be past nine o’clock. Everyone would cook up a bowl of noodles and chat and eat. Sometimes we might have plenty of time and we would go off campus to have a late-night snack but most of the time it would be instant noodles. Nowadays the conditions of middle school students are much better so probably not so many of them eat instant noodles any more.

Many countries have instant noodles. For example, the Philippines also has instant noodles but Philippine instant noodles and Chinese instant noodles are not the same. Chinese instant noodles usually have two to three packets of seasoning – one packet of oil, one packet of thick paste and one packet of dried vegetables. Philippine instant noodles usually only have one packet of seasoning. I’ve also eaten instant noodles in America. Americans call them ‘cup noodles’ because the noodles are packed in a small cup. But I cherish the memory of the taste of Chinese noodles the most. There are many types and the taste is pretty good. There is pickled vegetable flavour, fried beef flavour, seafood flavour etc.

Apart from instant noodles China also has many similar products derived from instant noodles. For example instant vermicelli noodles. Many people think that instant vermicelli are healthier because the dried noodles of instant noodles have been deep-fried whereas the vermicelli in instant vermicelli haven’t. So in advertisements you will see: not deep-fried, all the more healthy. There are also dried ‘ban mian’. Dried ‘ban mian’ are noodles that have been reconstituted with water, then the water is poured off and the noodles are dished up and mixed with a sauce. They are also really tasty.

It’s basically accepted in China that instant noodles smell good but foreigners don’t necessarily like the smell. If you’ve had the experience of riding a long distance train in China then you definitely would have had the chance to see not just a few people eating instant noodles. They smell good but in fact the taste is not necessarily so good. At home, when not hurried, even if it be instant noodles, I would still choose to make myself some eggs, green vegetables and meat and thus more nutritious, more sumptuous instant noodles.

Have you ever eaten instant noodles? What are the instant noodles of your country like? Do you think they taste good?

Note: 好香：this looks like it would translate as – very fragrant, though from the contexts when it’s used it must be synonymous with – that smells good.

Robert Budzul (robert@budzul.com)
Zak Gray (zak_lives@hotmail.com)

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“华人”，指的是中国人，也指居住在世界各地的中国人的后代。“华人”也被叫做“华裔”。今天，我想给大家介绍一下美国旧金山的“华人的天堂”。华人喜欢把旧金山叫做“三番”，因为“三番”和英文San Francisco的发音很像。“旧金山”这个名字的来源很有意思。据说，在160多年前，人们在美国加州发现了金矿。许多华人为了赚钱，都到这里寻找金矿，他们把这个城市叫做“金山”。过了一些年，人们又在澳大利亚的墨尔本找到了金矿。于是，墨尔本被人们叫做“新金山”，而美国的这座“金山”就成为了“旧金山”。

中国古代的唐朝在当时非常有名，所以外国人把华人叫做“唐人”，华人聚集的街区也就被叫做“唐人街”。以前，旧金山的大多数华人都集中居住唐人街，这里也是美国的第一个唐人街。1882年，美国政府出台了一个叫做《排华法案》的法律。这是一个对华人非常不公平的法律。因为法律规定，旧金山的华人只能住在唐人街，不能到别的地方去。当时在美国，华人不能得到美国国籍，不可以买房子，不可以和其他国家的人结婚，也不能享受唐人街外面的很多公共服务。所以，这里的华人就创建了自己的医院和学校，开设了很多商店和工厂，唐人街就这样形成了。

现在，旧金山有五分之一的人口是华人。旧金山的唐人街非常热闹，有许多中国餐馆、商店、公司和中国工厂等。唐人街已经成为了旧金山的特色之一，它吸引了很多人来这里旅游。游客们在唐人街通常都会买一些中国商品，吃一顿中国菜。旧金山的唐人街每天都非常热闹，尤其是中国传统节日的时候。每年春节、元宵节、中秋节，唐人街都会有许多歌舞表演。当你走在唐人街上，很容易忘记自己是在美国，因为人们都在讲中文，街上也到处都写着汉字。唐人街里居住的很多华人都不会说英语，因为他们只要会说中文，就可以很顺利地在这里生活。

你所在的城市有唐人街吗？你去过唐人街吗？欢迎留言和我们分享你的经历！

“華人”，指的是中國人，也指居住在世界各地的中國人的後代。 “華人”也被叫做“華裔”。今天，我想給大家介紹一下美國舊金山的“華人的天堂”。華人喜歡把舊金山叫做“三番”，因為“三番”和英文San Francisco的發音很像。 “舊金山”這個名字的來源很有意思。據說，在160多年前，人們在美國加州發現了金礦。許多華人為了賺錢，都到這裡尋找金礦，他們把這個城市叫做“金山”。過了一些年，人們又在澳大利亞的墨爾本找到了金礦。於是，墨爾本被人們叫做“新金山”，而美國的這座“金山”就成為了“舊金山”。

中國古代的唐朝在當時非常有名，所以外國人把華人叫做“唐人”，華人聚集的街區也就被叫做“唐人街”。以前，舊金山的大多數華人都集中居住唐人街，這裡也是美國的第一個唐人街。 1882年，美國政府出台了一個叫做《排華法案》的法律。這是一個對華人非常不公平的法律。因為法律規定，舊金山的華人只能住在唐人街，不能到別的地方去。當時在美國，華人不能得到美國國籍，不可以買房子，不可以和其他國家的人結婚，也不能享受唐人街外面的很多公共服務。所以，這裡的華人就創建了自己的醫院和學校，開設了很多商店和工廠，唐人街就這樣形成了。

現在，舊金山有五分之一的人口是華人。舊金山的唐人街非常熱鬧，有許多中國餐館、商店、公司和中國工廠等。唐人街已經成為了舊金山的特色之一，它吸引了很多人來這裡旅遊。遊客們在唐人街通常都會買一些中國商品，吃一頓中國菜。舊金山的唐人街每天都非常熱鬧，尤其是中國傳統節日的時候。每年春節、元宵節、中秋節，唐人街都會有許多歌舞表演。當你走在唐人街上，很容易忘記自己是在美國，因為人們都在講中文，街上也到處都寫著漢字。唐人街里居住的很多華人都不會說英語，因為他們只要會說中文，就可以很順利地在這裡生活。

你所在的城市有唐人街嗎？你去過唐人街嗎？歡迎留言和我們分享你的經歷！

“Huárén”, zhǐ de shì zhōngguó rén, yě zhǐ jūzhù zài shìjiè gèdì de zhōngguó rén de hòudài.“Huárén” yě bèi jiàozuò “huáyì”. Jīntiān, wǒ xiǎng gěi dàjiā jièshào yīxià měiguó jiùjīnshān de “huárén de tiāntáng”. Huárén xǐhuān bǎ jiùjīnshān jiàozuò “sān fān”, yīnwèi “sān fān” hé yīngwén San Francisco de fǎ yīn hěn xiàng.“Jiùjīnshān” zhège míngzì de láiyuán hěn yǒuyìsi. Jùshuō, zài 160 duōnián qián, rénmen zài měiguójiāzhōu fāxiànle jīn kuàng. Xǔduō huárén wéi le zhuànqián, dōu dào zhèlǐ xúnzhǎo jīn kuàng, tāmen bǎ zhège chéngshì jiàozuò “jīnshān”.Guòle yīxiē nián, rénmen yòu zài àodàlìyǎ de mò’ěrběn zhǎodàole jīn kuàng. Yúshì, mò’ěrběn bèi rénmen jiàozuò “xīn jīnshān”, ér měiguó de zhè zuò “jīnshān” jiù chéngwéile “jiùjīnshān”.

Zhōngguó gǔdài de táng cháo zài dāngshí fēicháng yǒumíng, suǒyǐ wàiguó rén bǎ huárén jiàozuò “tángrén”, huárén jùjí de jiēqū yě jiù bèi jiàozuò “tángrénjiē”. Yǐqián, jiùjīnshān de dà duōshù huárén dōu jízhōng jūzhù tángrénjiē, zhèlǐ yěshì měiguó de dì yīgè tángrénjiē.1882 Nián, měiguó zhèngfǔ chūtáile yīgè jiàozuò “pái huá fǎ’àn” de fǎlǜ. Zhè shì yī gè duì huárén fēicháng bù gōngpíng de fǎlǜ. Yīnwèi fǎlǜ guīdìng, jiùjīnshān de huárén zhǐ néng zhù zài tángrénjiē, bùnéng dào bié de dìfāng qù. Dāngshí zài měiguó, huárén bùnéng dédào měiguó guójí, bù kěyǐ mǎi fángzi, bù kěyǐ hé qítā guó jiā de rén jiéhūn, yě bùnéng xiǎngshòu tángrénjiē wàimiàn de hěnduō gōnggòng fúwù. Suǒyǐ, zhèlǐ de huárén jiù chuàngjiànle zìjǐ de yīyuàn hé xuéxiào, kāishèle hěnduō shāngdiàn hé gōngchǎng, tángrénjiē jiù zhèyàng xíngchéngle.

Xiànzài, jiùjīnshān yǒu wǔ fēn zhī yī de rénkǒu shì huárén. Jiùjīnshān de tángrénjiē fēicháng rènào, yǒu xǔduō zhōngguó cānguǎn, shāngdiàn, gōngsī hé zhōngguó gōngchǎng děng. Tángrénjiē yǐjīng chéngwéile jiùjīnshān de tèsè zhī yī, tā xīyǐnle hěnduō rén lái zhèlǐ lǚyóu. Yóukèmen zài tángrénjiē tōngcháng dõuhuì mǎi yīxiē zhōngguó shāngpǐn, chī yī dùn zhōngguó cài. Jiùjīnshān de tángrénjiē měitiān dū fēicháng rènào, yóuqí shì zhōngguó chuántǒng jiérì de shíhòu. Měinián chūnjié, yuánxiāo jié, zhōngqiū jié, tángrénjiē dõuhuì yǒu xǔduō gēwǔ biǎoyǎn. Dāng nǐ zǒu zài tángrénjiē shàng, hěn róngyì wàngjì zìjǐ shì zài měiguó, yīn wéi rénmen dōu zài jiǎng zhōngwén, jiē shàng yě dàochù dōu xiězhe hànzì. Tángrénjiē lǐ jūzhù de hěnduō huárén dōu bù huì shuō yīngyǔ, yīnwèi tāmen zhǐyào huì shuō zhōngwén, jiù kěyǐ hěn shùnlì de zài zhèlǐ shēnghuó.

Nǐ suǒzài de chéngshì yǒu tángrénjiē ma? Nǐ qùguò tángrénjiē ma? Huānyíng liúyán hé wǒmen fēnxiǎng nǐ de jīnglì!

Huaren’ refers to Chinese. It also refers to descendants of Chinese living in all parts of the world. ‘Huaren’ are also referred to as ‘Huayi’. Today I want to talk a little about the ‘Huaren’ heaven of San Francisco in America. ‘Huaren’ like to call San Francisco ‘Sanfan’ because ‘Sanfan’ and the English San Francisco sound quite similar. The origin of the name ‘Old Gold Mountain’ is very interesting. It’s said that 160 years ago gold was discovered in America in California. Many Chinese also came to here in search of gold and they called this city ‘Gold Mountain’. Several years later gold was also discovered in Australia, in Melbourne, so Melbourne came to be called ‘New Gold Mountain’ and so the ‘Gold Mountain’ in America came to be called ‘Old Gold Mountain’.

The Tang dynasty was extremely well-know at the time, so foreigners called Chinese ‘Tang People’ and streets where Chinese gathered thus came to be known as ‘Tang People Streets’. In 1882 the American government launched the Chinese Exclusion Act. This is a law particularly unfair to Chinese. Because this law stipulated that the Chinese in San Francisco could only live in Chinatown and couldn’t go to other places. In the America of that time Chinese couldn’t gain US citizenship, couldn’t buy houses, couldn’t marry other nationalities and couldn’t enjoy public services outside of Chinatown. So the Chinese there established their own hospitals and schools and set up many shops and factories and in this way Chinatown was formed.

Now one fifth of the population in San Francisco is Chinese.San Francisco’s Chinatown is very lively with many Chinese restaurants and shops. Tourists often buy some Chinese goods in Chinatown and have a Chinese meal there. Every day San Francisco’s Chinatown in bustling especially during traditional Chinese festivals. Every year during Chinese New Year, Lantern Festival and Mid Autumn Festival there are many singing and dancing performances in Chinatown. When you’re walking in Chinatown it’s easy to forget you’re in America because everyone is speaking Chinese and everywhere there is Chinese writing. Many Chinese who live in Chinatown can’t speak English because they only need to know Chinese to live here without any problems.

Does the city where you live have a Chinatown? Have you been to Chinatown? You’re welcome to leave a message and share your experiences.

Notes:
Huaren and Huayi are untranslatable Chinese terms for ethnic Chinese.
As an Australian I have to throw in that of course gold wasn’t actually discovered in Melbourne but in Ballarat and Bendigo. I suspect that the gold mines in America similarly weren’t in San Francisco.

Robert Budzul (robert@budzul.com)
Zak Gray (zak_lives@hotmail.com)

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Phần dịch tiếng Việt có trong sách bản cứng: Trung Quốc 247: Mái nhà thân thuộc cả nhà nhé!

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Chú ý: Đây là tài tiệu đi kèm sách bản cứng Trung Quốc 247: Mái nhà thân thuộc. Tài liệu sẽ có ích và có tác dụng tối đa khi dùng cùng sách bản cứng. Cả nhà có thể xem thêm về sách bản cứng nha!

提到“功夫”一词，人们首先想到的就是功夫电影中，功夫大师飞檐走壁的场景。功夫也叫武术，中国功夫被人们了解、熟悉，要从上世纪七十年代李小龙的功夫电影说起。他在为数不多的电影作品中，用帅气的表演征服了世界各地的影迷，也让全世界开始了解中国功夫和武术精神。

李小龙不仅在电影中是身怀绝技的大侠，在现实生活中也是一位真正的武术大师。他在美国加州旧金山长大，十岁开始学习武术，大学时期便开设武馆，招收爱好武术的学生，传授中国武术。他主动和各个流派的武术家交流，吸取别的武术流派的长处，创造了“截拳道”。截拳道融合了中国传统的道家思想，提倡搏击的高度自由。

不幸的是，这位武术大师在1973年因病去世，年仅32岁。两万多名影迷自发参加了他的葬礼。他的突然过世，使功夫电影也陷入低潮，直到八九十年代，才出现了李连杰和成龙两位闻名世界的功夫明星。

李小龙说过:“对我来说，终极武术，代表诚实地表达自我。”他还说过：“让你的思绪变成空白，无形无色，就跟水一样，如果把水放进一个杯子里，它就变成杯子的样子，把水放进一个瓶子里，它就变成瓶子的样子，把它放进茶壶里，它会变成茶壶的样子，水能载舟亦能覆舟，你得像水一样，我的朋友。”

李小龙的一生虽然短暂，但是他的武术哲学对中国武术的贡献影响深远。他帅气的荧屏形象也将永远留在世界各地的影迷心中。

提到“功夫”一詞，人們首先想到的就是功夫電影中，功夫大師飛簷走壁的場景。功夫也叫武術，中國功夫被人們了解、熟悉，要從上世紀七十年代李小龍的功夫電影說起。他在為數不多的電影作品中，用帥氣的表演征服了世界各地的影迷，也讓全世界開始了解中國功夫和武術精神。

李小龍不僅在電影中是身懷絕技的大俠，在現實生活中也是一位真正的武術大師。他在美國加州舊金山長大，十歲開始學習武術，大學時期便開設武館，招收愛好武術的學生，傳授中國武術。他主動和各個流派的武術家交流，吸取別的武術流派的長處，創造了“截拳道”。截拳道融合了中國傳統的道家思想，提倡搏擊的高度自由。

不幸的是，這位武術大師在1973年因病去世，年僅32歲。兩萬多名影迷自發參加了他的葬禮。他的突然過世，使功夫電影也陷入低潮，直到八九十年代，才出現了李連杰和成龍兩位聞名世界的功夫明星。

李小龍說過:“對我來說，終極武術，代表誠實地表達自我。”他還說過：“讓你的思緒變成空白，無形無色，就跟水一樣，如果把水放進一個杯子裡，它就變成杯子的樣子，把水放進一個瓶子裡，它就變成瓶子的樣子，把它放進茶壺裡，它會變成茶壺的樣子，水能載舟亦能覆舟，你得像水一樣，我的朋友。”

李小龍的一生雖然短暫，但是他的武術哲學對中國武術的貢獻影響深遠。他帥氣的熒屏形像也將永遠留在世界各地的影迷心中。

Tí dào “gōngfū” yī cí, rénmen shǒuxiān xiǎngdào de jiùshì gōngfū diànyǐng zhōng, gōngfū dàshī fēiyánzǒubì de chǎngjǐng. Gōngfū yě jiào wǔshù, zhōngguó gōngfū bèi rénmen liǎojiě, shúxī, yào cóng shàng shìjì qīshí niándài lǐxiǎolóng de gōngfū diànyǐng shuō qǐ. Tā zài wéi shǔ bù duō de diànyǐng zuòpǐn zhōng, yòng shuàiqì de biǎoyǎn zhēngfúle shìjiè gèdì de yǐngmí, yě ràng quán shìjiè kāishǐ liǎojiě zhōngguó gōngfū hé wǔshù jīngshén.

Lǐxiǎolóng bùjǐn zài diànyǐng zhōng shì shēn huái juéjì de dà xiá, zài xiànshí shēnghuó zhōng yěshì yī wèi zhēnzhèng de wǔshù dàshī. Tā zài měiguó jiāzhōu jiùjīnshān cháng dà, shí suì kāishǐ xuéxí wǔshù, dàxué shíqí biàn kāishè wǔ guǎn, zhāoshōu àihào wǔshù de xuéshēng, chuánshòu zhōngguó wǔshù. Tā zhǔdòng hé gège liúpài de wǔshù jiā jiāoliú, xīqǔ bié de wǔshù liúpài de cháng chù, chuàngzàole “jié quán dào”. Jié quán dào rónghéle zhōngguó chuántǒng de dàojiā sīxiǎng, tíchàng bó jì de gāodù zìyóu.

Bùxìng de shì, zhè wèi wǔshù dàshī zài 1973 nián yīn bìng qùshì, nián jǐn 32 suì. Liǎng wàn duō míng yǐngmí zìfā cānjiāle tā de zànglǐ. Tā de túrán guòshì, shǐ gōngfū diànyǐng yě xiànrù dīcháo, zhídào bājiǔshí niándài, cái chūxiànle lǐliánjié hé chénglóng liǎng wèi wénmíng shìjiè de gōngfū míngxīng.

Lǐxiǎolóng shuōguò:“Duì wǒ lái shuō, zhōngjí wǔshù, dàibiǎo chéngshí de biǎodá zìwǒ.” Tā hái shuōguò:“Ràng nǐ de sīxù biàn chéng kòngbái, wúxíng wú sè, jiù gēn shuǐ yīyàng, rúguǒ bǎ shuǐ fàng jìn yīgè bēizi lǐ, tā jiù biàn chéng bēizi de yàngzi, bǎ shuǐ fàng jìn yīgè píngzi lǐ, tā jiù biàn chéng píngzi de yàngzi, bǎ tā fàng jìn cháhú lǐ, tā huì biàn chéng cháhú de yàngzi, shuǐ néng zài zhōu yì néng fù zhōu, nǐ dé xiàng shuǐ yīyàng, wǒ de péngyǒu.”

Lǐxiǎolóng de yīshēng suīrán duǎnzàn, dànshì tā de wǔshù zhéxué duì zhōngguó wǔshù de gòngxiàn yǐngxiǎng shēnyuǎn. Tā shuàiqì de yíngpíng xíngxiàng yě jiāng yǒngyuǎn liú zài shìjiè gèdì de yǐngmí xīnzhōng.

When the word ‘kungfu’ is mentioned, the first thing people think of is kungfu movies, scenes of great kungfu masters leaping onto roofs and over walls. Kungfu is also wushu (martial arts). People came to know about and become familiar with Chinese kungfu in the 70’s of last century through the kungfu movies of Bruce Lee. In his opus consisting of films too few in number, through his graceful performances he conquered fans in every country and he also caused the whole world to begin to get to know the spirit of kungfu and martial arts.

Bruce Lee was not only a hero with great talent in movies; he was also a martial arts master in real life. He grew up in San Francisco in California in the U.S. and started studying martial arts at the age of ten. When he was at university he opened a martial arts academy and took in students keen on martial arts and passed on skills in Chinese martial arts. He actively had interchange with practitioners of every school of martial arts and absorbed the strong points of other schools of martial arts and created ‘jeet kun do’. ‘Jeet kun do’ fuses traditional Chinese Taoist ideology and advocates a high degree of flexibility in fighting.

It’s unfortunate that this martial arts master passed away due to an illness in 1973 at the age of only 32. Over 20,000 of his fans spontaneously attended his funeral. His sudden death caused kungfu films to sink to a low (in popularity) right up until the 80s and 90s until the appearance of Jet Lee and Jackie Chan who were to become world famous kungfu stars.

Bruce Lee once said: ‘ultimate martial arts represents an honest representation of self.’ He also said: ‘let your train of thought become blank space, formless, colourless, just like water; if you put water into a glass it will take on the form of the glass, if you put water into a bottle it will take on the shape of the bottle, if you put it into a teapot it will take on the shape of the teapot; water can bear a boat but it can also sink it. You must be just like water my friend.’

Although Bruce Lee’s life was short his martial arts philosophy made a deep and far reaching contribution to Chinese martial arts. His graceful screen image will forever live in the hearts of fans all over the world.

水能载舟亦能覆舟: this is a set expression – probably worth learning.

Robert Budzul robert@budzul.com)
Zak Gray zak_lives@hotmail.com)
Sarah Wang tethyssa3@gmail.com

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Chú ý: Đây là tài tiệu đi kèm sách bản cứng Trung Quốc 247: Mái nhà thân thuộc. Tài liệu sẽ có ích và có tác dụng tối đa khi dùng cùng sách bản cứng. Cả nhà có thể xem thêm về sách bản cứng nha!

相信关注中国新闻的外国朋友对“农民工”这个词并不陌生。几十年前的中国，农民是农民，工人是工人。而现在，随着城市化的发展，很多农民进城，成了工人，也就是所谓的“农民工”。

农民工在城市化的进程中功不可没，但是有多少人想过：他们牺牲了什么？

在我的家乡福建，百分之八十都是丘陵和山地。因为山多，交通不便，早些年，很多人在家种茶叶。后来中国发展了，城市里到处都在盖高楼大厦，需要劳动力，他们就去城里打工。他们的户口在农村，由于中国的户籍制度，孩子不能在城里读公立学校，或者要交很高的费用才能在城里上学。所以大部分人都选择把孩子留在家乡，托付给爷爷奶奶照顾，或者托付给别的亲戚照顾。这些孩子就成了我们所说的“留守儿童”。

留，指的是留下，留在家乡；守，我理解为守望，守望父母的归来。很多留守儿童只有春节才能见到父母。平时只能通过电话和父母联系。父母回家过个春节，孩子与父母刚刚熟悉起来，没多久，又要离开了。

我从五岁开始，寄养在外婆家，直到十一岁才回到父母身边。这样的事情在我们那儿非常普遍。如果你在中国旅行，去一些农村，就会发现村子里大部分都是老人和留守儿童。观察身边的很多留守儿童家庭，我一开始觉得是经济原因，父母为了孩子以后能接受更好的教育，选择去城里挣更多的钱，而放弃了陪伴孩子的时间。后来我们这一代人成长起来了，我的同学有了孩子，我发现他们的孩子也成了留守儿童，交给了在家乡的爷爷奶奶照看。因为一方面，我的同学在城里做生意，不方便照看孩子，另一方面，孩子在城里上学费用也很昂贵。有一次，同学和我说，孩子都不爱和他说话，问我怎么办。

如果父母给孩子的只有玩具，只有金钱，而没有陪伴孩子一起成长，孩子怎么会信任父母呢？或许在孩子心里，他认为自己被父母抛弃了，父母并不爱他。

我曾经看过一些和心理学相关的文章，讲到父母陪孩子吃晚饭是一件很重要的事情，听孩子讲述一天发生了什么，从中了解孩子周围的环境，孩子的变化。对于留守儿童来说，这些都很奢侈。

在我看来，对于已经解决经济问题的那部分家庭来说，观念问题是更深层的原因。在中国，很多留守儿童的父母完全没有意识到陪伴孩子成长的重要性。就像很多上一辈的中国父母不理解同性恋、不理解心理疾病这些概念一样。更多父母关注的是，怎么给孩子提供更好的经济条件，让他们接受更好的教育，怎么给孩子报更多补习班，让孩子未来有更多选择。当孩子毕业了，到了结婚的年龄，父母还要给孩子买房买车。说白了，父母关注的焦点在于，怎样挣更多的钱提高物质生活水平，而忽略了与孩子的情感交流。在父母的陪伴下长大，对很多的孩子来说，真的是奢侈品了。

相信關注中國新聞的外國朋友對“農民工”這個詞並不陌生。幾十年前的中國，農民是農民，工人是工人。而現在，隨著城市化的發展，很多農民進城，成了工人，也就是所謂的“農民工”。

農民工在城市化的進程中功不可沒，但是有多少人想過：他們犧牲了什麼？

在我的家鄉福建，百分之八十都是丘陵和山地。因為山多，交通不便，早些年，很多人在家種茶葉。後來中國發展了，城市裡到處都在蓋高樓大廈，需要勞動力，他們就去城裡打工。他們的戶口在農村，由於中國的戶籍制度，孩子不能在城裡讀公立學校，或者要交很高的費用才能在城裡上學。所以大部分人都選擇把孩子留在家鄉，託付給爺爺奶奶照顧，或者託付給別的親戚照顧。這些孩子就成了我們所說的“留守兒童”。

留，指的是留下，留在家鄉；守，我理解為守望，守望父母的歸來。很多留守兒童只有春節才能見到父母。平時只能通過電話和父母聯繫。父母回家過個春節，孩子與父母剛剛熟悉起來，沒多久，又要離開了。

我從五歲開始，寄養在外婆家，直到十一歲才回到父母身邊。這樣的事情在我們那兒非常普遍。如果你在中國旅行，去一些農村，就會發現村子里大部分都是老人和留守兒童。觀察身邊的很多留守兒童家庭，我一開始覺得是經濟原因，父母為了孩子以後能接受更好的教育，選擇去城裡掙更多的錢，而放棄了陪伴孩子的時間。後來我們這一代人成長起來了，我的同學有了孩子，我發現他們的孩子也成了留守兒童，交給了在家鄉的爺爺奶奶照看。因為一方面，我的同學在城裡做生意，不方便照看孩子，另一方面，孩子在城裡上學費用也很昂貴。有一次，同學和我說，孩子都不愛和他說話，問我怎麼辦。

如果父母給孩子的只有玩具，只有金錢，而沒有陪伴孩子一起成長，孩子怎麼會信任父母呢？或許在孩子心裡，他認為自己被父母拋棄了，父母並不愛他。

我曾經看過一些和心理學相關的文章，講到父母陪孩子吃晚飯是一件很重要的事情，聽孩子講述一天發生了什麼，從中了解孩子周圍的環境，孩子的變化。對於留守兒童來說，這些都很奢侈。

在我看來，對於已經解決經濟問題的那部分家庭來說，觀念問題是更深層的原因。在中國，很多留守兒童的父母完全沒有意識到陪伴孩子成長的重要性。就像很多上一輩的中國父母不理解同性戀、不理解心理疾病這些概念一樣。更多父母關注的是，怎麼給孩子提供更好的經濟條件，讓他們接受更好的教育，怎麼給孩子報更多補習班，讓孩子未來有更多選擇。當孩子畢業了，到了結婚的年齡，父母還要給孩子買房買車。說白了，父母關注的焦點在於，怎樣掙更多的錢提高物質生活水平，而忽略了與孩子的情感交流。在父母的陪伴下長大，對很多的孩子來說，真的是奢侈品了。

Xiāngxìn guānzhù zhōngguó xīnwén de wàiguó péngyǒu duì “nóngmín gōng” zhège cí bìng bù mòshēng. Jǐ shí nián qián de zhōngguó, nóngmín shì nóngmín, gōngrén shì gōngrén. Ér xiànzài, suízhe chéngshì huà de fāhǎn , hěnduō nóngmín jìnchéng, chéngle gōngrén, yě jiùshì suǒwèi de “nóngmín gōng”.

Nóngmín gōng zài chéngshì huà de jìn chéng zhōng gōng bùkě méi, dànshì yǒu duōshǎo rén xiǎngguò: Tāmen xīshēngle shénme?

Zài wǒ de jiāxiāng fújiàn, bǎi fēn zhī bāshí dōu shì qiūlíng hé shāndì. Yīnwèi shān duō, jiāotōng bùbiàn, zǎo xiē nián, hěnduō rén zàijiā zhòng cháyè. Hòulái zhōngguó fāzhǎn le, chéngshì lǐ dàochù dōu zài gài gāolóu dàshà, xūyào láodònglì, tāmen jiù qù chéng lǐ dǎgōng. Tāmen de hùkǒu zài nóngcūn, yóuyú zhōngguó de hùjí zhìdù, háizi bùnéng zài chéng lǐ dú gōnglì xuéxiào, huòzhě yào jiāo hěn gāo de fèiyòng cáinéng zài chéng lǐ shàngxué. Suǒyǐ dà bùfèn rén dōu xuǎnzé bǎ háizi liú zài jiāxiāng, tuōfù gěi yéyé nǎinai zhàogù, huòzhě tuōfù gěi bié de qīnqī zhàogù. Zhèxiē háizi jiù chéngle wǒmen suǒ shuō de “liúshǒu értóng”.

Liú, zhǐ de shì liú xià, liú zài jiāxiāng; shǒu, wǒ lǐjiě wéi shǒuwàng, shǒuwàng fùmǔ de guīlái. Hěnduō liúshǒu értóng zhǐyǒu chūnjié cáinéng jiàn dào fùmǔ. Píngshí zhǐ néng tōngguò diànhuà hé fùmǔ liánxì. Fùmǔ huí jiāguò gè chūnjié, háizi yǔ fùmǔ gānggāng shúxī qǐlái, méi duōjiǔ, yòu yào líkāile.

Wǒ cóng wǔ suì kāishǐ, jìyǎng zài wàipó jiā, zhídào shíyī suì cái huí dào fùmǔ shēnbiān. Zhèyàng de shìqíng zài wǒmen nà’er fēicháng pǔbiàn. Rúguǒ nǐ zài zhōngguó lǚxíng, qù yīxiē nóngcūn, jiù huì fāxiàn cūnzi lǐ dà bùfèn dōu shì lǎorén hé liúshǒu értóng. Guānchá shēnbiān de hěnduō liúshǒu értóng jiātíng, wǒ yī kāishǐ juédé shì jīngjì yuányīn, fùmǔ wèile hái zǐ yǐhòu néng jiēshòu gèng hǎo de jiàoyù, xuǎnzé qù chéng lǐ zhēng gèng duō de qián, ér fàngqìle péibàn háizi de shíjiān. Hòulái wǒmen zhè yīdài rén chéngzhǎng qǐláile, wǒ de tóngxué yǒule háizi, wǒ fāxiàn tāmen de háizi yě chéngle liúshǒu értóng, jiāo gěile zài jiāxiāng de yéyé nǎinai zhàokàn. Yīn wéi yī fāngmiàn, wǒ de tóngxué zài chéng lǐ zuò shēngyì, bù fāngbiàn zhàokàn háizi, lìng yī fāngmiàn, háizi zài chéng lǐ shàngxué fèiyòng yě hěn ángguì. Yǒu yīcì, tóngxué hé wǒ shuō, háizi dōu bù ài hé tā shuōhuà, wèn wǒ zěnme bàn.

Rúguǒ fùmǔ gěi háizi de zhǐyǒu wánjù, zhǐyǒu jīnqián, ér méiyǒu péibàn háizi yīqǐ chéngzhǎng, háizi zěnme huì xìnrèn fùmǔ ne? Huòxǔ zài háizi xīnlǐ, tā rènwéi zìjǐ bèi fùmǔ pāoqìle, fùmǔ bìng bù ài tā.

Wǒ céngjīng kànguò yīxiē hé xīnlǐ xué xiāngguān de wénzhāng, jiǎng dào fùmǔ péi háizi chī wǎnfàn shì yī jiàn hěn zhòngyào de shìqíng, tīng háizi jiǎngshù yītiān fāshēngle shénme, cóngzhōng liǎojiě hái zǐ zhōuwéi de huánjìng, háizi de biànhuà. Duìyú liúshǒu értóng lái shuō, zhèxiē dōu hěn shēchǐ.

Zài wǒ kàn lái, duìyú yǐjīng jiějué jīngjì wèntí de nà bùfèn jiātíng lái shuō, guānniàn wèntí shì gēng shēncéng de yuányīn. Zài zhōngguó, hěnduō liúshǒu értóng de fùmǔ wánquán méiyǒu yìshí dào péibàn hái zǐ chéngzhǎng de zhòngyào xìng. Jiù xiàng hěnduō shàng yī bèi de zhōngguó fùmǔ bù lǐjiě tóngxìngliàn, bù lǐjiě xīnlǐ jíbìng zhèxiē gàiniàn yīyàng. Gèng duō fùmǔ guānzhù de shì, zěnme gěi háizi tígōng gèng hǎo de jīngjì tiáojiàn, ràng tāmen jiēshòu gèng hǎo de jiàoyù, zěnme gěi hái zǐ bào gèng duō bǔxí bān, ràng háizi wèilái yǒu gèng duō xuǎnzé. Dāng háizi bìyèle, dào liǎo jiéhūn de niánlíng, fùmǔ hái yào gěi háizi mǎifáng mǎi chē. Shuōbáile, fùmǔ guānzhù de jiāodiǎn zàiyú, zěnyàng zhēng gèng duō de qián tígāo wùzhí shēnghuó shuǐpíng, ér hūlüèle yǔ háizi de qínggǎn jiāoliú. Zài fùmǔ de péibàn xià zhǎng dà, duì hěnduō de háizi lái shuō, zhēn de shì shēchǐ pǐnle.

I believe that foreigners who pay attention to Chinese news will not be strangers to the word ‘nong min gong’. In the China of several tens of years ago, peasants were peasants and workers were workers. But now, following the urbanisation that has followed growth, many peasants have come to the cities and have become ‘gongren’ – the so called ‘nong min gong’.

The contributions of migrant workers to the process of urbanisation must be recognised but how people have wondered: what have they sacrificed?

Eighty percent of my home town province of Fujian is hills and mountains. Because of the many mountains, up until several years ago many people cultivated tea at home. Now China has developed and everywhere in the cities tall building are being built and there is a need for labour so they go to cities to work. Their wukou is in the countryside and because of the Chinese system of registered permanent residence their children are not permitted to study at public schools in the city or they have to pay high fees for them to study in the city. So most people choose to leave their children in their home village in the care of grandparents or other relatives. These children become so-called ‘liu shou er tong’.

‘Liu’ refers to ‘left behind’, left behind in the village; ‘shou’ I understand as ‘shouwang’, to keep watch until the parents’ return. Many left behind children only see their parents at Chinese New Year. Normally they only have contact with their parents by phone. When the parents come home for Chinese New Year the children have just got to know them again but after a short time they have to leave again.

From the age of five I was sent to be brought up at my grandmother’s house right up to the age of eleven when I returned to my parents’ side. This sort of thing is very common where I come from. If you travel in China and go to some villages you will notice that in the villages there are mostly only old people and left behind children. Observing many families around me with left behind children I began to think that it is for economic reasons: so that the children can later receive better education, the parents choose to move to the city to make more money and renounce time that they could be spending with their children. Later when my generation began to become older and my generation began to have children I discovered that their children also became left behind children, handing them over to grandparents in the home villages to look after. Because for one, my classmates had businesses in the city and two, the education costs for children in the city are extremely high. One time a classmate of mine mentioned to me that his/her children didn’t like to talk to him/her and s/he asked me why.

If the only thing parents give their children is toys and money and haven’t accompanied their children as they grew up, how will the children trust their parents? Perhaps in the children’s mind they believe they’ve been abandoned by their parents and their parents don’t love them in the slightest.

I once read some articles about psychology which mentioned that it is very important for parents to eat meals with their children, to hear their children describe what had happened to them during the day, in this way understanding the surroundings the child is living in, understanding how the child is changing. For left behind children this is a luxury.

The way I see it, for this families that have already solved their economic problems it’s the problem with their way of thinking which is the cause at a deeper level. In China, many parents of left behind children don’t realise at all the importance of being with their children as they grow up. Just as many Chinese parents of the previous generation had no understanding of concepts such as homosexuality and mental illness. Most parents concern themselves with how to provide their children with better economic conditions. Have them receive better education, give them the opportunity for extra lessons, allow their children to have more choices in their future. After their children have graduated and have reached marrying age the parents will also buy them a house and a car. To put it in plain language, the focus of the parents’ concern is how to make more money to raise their material level and they neglect exchange of feelings with their children. For many children, to grow up with the accompaniment of their parents really is a luxury.

Note that the word ‘worker’ doesn’t really capture the essence of the word 工人.

Robert Budzul robert@budzul.com)
Zak Gray zak_lives@hotmail.com)
Sarah Wang tethyssa3@gmail.com

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不久前，有一部电视剧非常受欢迎，叫做《武媚娘传奇》，讲的是中国历史上唯一一位女皇帝，武则天的故事。今天，我们就来说一说，这个传奇的人物。

武则天生活在一千三百多年前的唐朝，武媚娘是她的另外一个称号。她十四岁时，因为长得非常漂亮，而被选进皇宫，成为了皇帝李世民众多“妻子”中的一位，被封为“才人”的头衔，这在皇帝众多“妻子”中的地位是比较低的。

李世民去世以后，他的第九个儿子李治，继承了皇位。武则天受到李治的喜爱，于是又成为了李治的“妻子”之一，被封为“昭仪”的头衔。后来，她使用手段，使皇帝李治所喜爱的皇后和另一位妃子被废除了头衔，而她自己也就当上了皇后。

李治是一个性格比较软弱的人，武则天便帮助他处理和决定国事。慢慢地，她拥有了越来越多的政治权利。在李治得病的时候，武则天便代他处理政务。在丈夫李治去世以后，武则天先后安排自己和李治的两个儿子，李显和李旦当皇帝，而她自己作为皇帝的母亲，其实掌握了真正的权力。后来，她干脆废除了儿子的皇帝头衔，自己做起了皇帝。

武则天当了15年的皇帝。作为一个女人，武则天当皇帝的事情，在当时受到很多人的反对。后来，因为受到很大的压力，武则天不得不把皇位还给了自己的儿子李显。

武则天当皇帝期间，发展了中国的“科举”考试制度，对中国的教育和人才选拔制度，进行了很有效的改善。她还特别善于选用有才能的人，来帮助她治理国家。在她当皇帝的15年间，中国的经济和文化都有不错的发展。更值得一提的是，当时，中国的女性地位也比古代的其他时期要高。不过，武则天也得到了很多负面的评价，有人说她非常地残酷，为了拥有权力，当上皇帝，杀死了很多人。不过，如果不是因为这种残酷无情的性格，中国的历史上，也许就不会出现这样一位传奇的女皇帝了。

不久前，有一部電視劇非常受歡迎，叫做《武媚娘傳奇》，講的是中國歷史上唯一一位女皇帝，武則天的故事。今天，我們就來說一說，這個傳奇的人物。

武則天生活在一千三百多年前的唐朝，武媚娘是她的另外一個稱號。她十四歲時，因為長得非常漂亮，而被選進皇宮，成為了皇帝李世民眾多“妻子”中的一位，被封為“才人”的頭銜，這在皇帝眾多“妻子”中的地位是比較低的。

李世民去世以後，他的第九個兒子李治，繼承了皇位。武則天受到李治的喜愛，於是又成為了李治的“妻子”之一，被封為“昭儀”的頭銜。後來，她使用手段，使皇帝李治所喜愛的皇后和另一位妃子被廢除了頭銜，而她自己也就當上了皇后。

李治是一個性格比較軟弱的人，武則天便幫助他處理和決定國事。慢慢地，她擁有了越來越多的政治權利。在李治得病的時候，武則天便代他處理政務。在丈夫李治去世以後，武則天先後安排自己和李治的兩個兒子，李顯和李旦當皇帝，而她自己作為皇帝的母親，其實掌握了真正的權力。後來，她乾脆廢除了兒子的皇帝頭銜，自己做起了皇帝。

武則天當了15年的皇帝。作為一個女人，武則天當皇帝的事情，在當時受到很多人的反對。後來，因為受到很大的壓力，武則天不得不把皇位還給了自己的兒子李顯。

武則天當皇帝期間，發展了中國的“科舉”考試制度，對中國的教育和人才選拔制度，進行了很有效的改善。她還特別善於選用有才能的人，來幫助她治理國家。在她當皇帝的15年間，中國的經濟和文化都有不錯的發展。更值得一提的是，當時，中國的女性地位也比古代的其他時期要高。不過，武則天也得到了很多負面的評價，有人說她非常地殘酷，為了擁有權力，當上皇帝，殺死了很多人。不過，如果不是因為這種殘酷無情的性格，中國的歷史上，也許就不會出現這樣一位傳奇的女皇帝了。

Bùjiǔ qián, yǒuyī bù diànshìjù fēicháng shòu huānyíng, jiàozuò “wǔmèiniáng chuánqí”, jiǎng de shì zhōngguó lìshǐ shàng wéi yīyī wèi nǚ huángdì, wǔzétiān de gùshì. Jīntiān, wǒmen jiù lái shuō yī shuō, zhège chuánqí de rénwù.

Wǔzétiān shēnghuó zài yīqiān sānbǎi duō nián qián de táng cháo, wǔmèiniáng shì tā de lìngwài yīgè chēnghào. Tā shísì suì shí, yīnwèi zhǎng de fēicháng piàoliang, ér bèi xuǎn jìn huánggōng, chéngwéile huángdì lǐshìmínzhòngduō “qīzi” zhōng de yī wèi, bèi fēng wèi “cái rén” de tóuxián, zhè zài huángdì zhòng duō “qīzi” zhōng de dìwèi shì bǐjiào dī de.

Lǐ shì mín qùshì yǐhòu, tā de dì jiǔ gè er zi lǐ zhì, jìchéngle huángwèi. Wǔzétiān shòudào lǐ zhì de xǐ’ài, yúshì yòu chéngwéile lǐ zhì de “qīzi” zhī yī, bèi fēng wèi “zhāo yí” de tóuxián. Hòulái, tā shǐyòng shǒuduàn, shǐ huángdì lǐ zhì suǒ xǐ’ài de huánghòu hé lìng yī wèi fēizi bèi fèichúle tóuxián, ér tā zìjǐ yě jiù dāng shàngle huánghòu.

Lǐ zhì shì yīgè xìnggé bǐjiào ruǎnruò de rén, wǔzétiān biàn bāngzhù tā chǔlǐ hé juédìng guóshì. Màn man de, tā yǒngyǒule yuè lái yuè duō de zhèngzhì quánlì. Zài lǐ zhì débìng de shíhòu, wǔzétiān biàn dài tā chǔlǐ zhèngwù. Zài zhàngfū lǐ zhì qùshì yǐhòu, wǔzétiān xiānhòu ānpái zìjǐ hé lǐ zhì de liǎng gè er zi, lǐ xiǎn hé lǐ dàn dāng huángdì, ér tā zìjǐ zuòwéi huángdì de mǔqīn, qíshí zhǎngwòle zhēnzhèng de quánlì. Hòulái, tā gāncuì fèi chú le er zi de huángdì tóuxián, zìjǐ zuò qǐle huángdì.

Wǔzétiān dāngle 15 nián de huángdì. Zuòwéi yīgè nǚrén, wǔzétiān dāng huángdì de shìqíng, zài dāngshí shòudào hěnduō rén de fǎnduì. Hòulái, yīnwèi shòudào hěn dà de yālì, wǔzétiān bùdé bù bǎ huángwèi hái gěile zìjǐ de érzi lǐ xiǎn.

Wǔzétiān dāng huángdì qíjiān, fāzhǎnle zhōngguó de “kējǔ” kǎoshì zhìdù, duì zhōngguó de jiàoyù hé réncái xuǎnbá zhìdù, jìnxíngle hěn yǒuxiào de gǎishàn. Tā hái tèbié shànyú xuǎnyòng yǒu cáinéng de rén, lái bāngzhù tā zhìlǐ guójiā. Zài tā dāng huángdì de 15 niánjiān, zhōngguó de jīngjì hé wénhuà dōu yǒu bùcuò de fǎ zhǎn. Gèng zhídé yī tí de shì, dāngshí, zhōngguó de nǚxìng dìwèi yě bǐ gǔdài de qítā shíqí yào gāo. Bùguò, wǔzétiān yě dédàole hěnduō fùmiàn de píngjià, yǒurén shuō tā fēicháng de cánkù, wèile yǒngyǒu quánlì, dāng shàng huángdì, shā sǐle hěnduō rén. Bùguò, rúguǒ bùshì yīnwèi zhè zhǒng cánkù wúqíng dì xìnggé, zhōngguó de lìshǐ shàng, yěxǔ jiù bù huì chūxiàn zhèyàng yī wèi chuánqí de nǚ huángdìle.

Not long ago there was a soap opera on tv which was really popular called the Legend of Wumei. It was the story of the only Chinese empress in Chinese history, Wu Zetian. Today we’ll talk a little about this legendary personage.

Wu Zetian lived in the Tang Dynasty over 1300 years ago. Wumeiniang was one of the names by which she was known. When she was forty, because she was extremely beautiful, she was chosen to enter the imperial palace to become one of the many wives of the emperor Li Shimin and she was given the rank of lady in waiting, a position quite low amongst those of the emperor’s wives.

After Li Shimin’s death, his ninth son, Li Zhi, succeeded to the throne. Wu Zetian was loved by Li Zhi so she became one of his wives and received the title of zhaoyi. Later she used a trick to have the titles of all the imperial consorts and of another imperial concubine abolished and she herself assumed the position of empress.

Li Zhi was a person with a comparatively weak character so Wu Zetian helped him deal with and decide state affairs. Slowly she gained more and more political power. When Li Zhi fell ill, Wu Zetian took his place in dealing with state affairs. After the death of her husband Li Zhi, Wu Zetian arranged for her own and Li Zhi’s children, Li Xian and Li Dan to consecutively become emperor and she herself was the emperor’s mother but in fact she had the real power. Later she simply abolished her son’s title of emperor and became empress herself.

Wu Zetian was empress for fifteen years. Being a woman, the matter of Wu Zetian being empress received much opposition from people at the time. Because she received so much pressure she had to return the title of emperor to her son Li Xian.

During the reign of Wu Zetian, the Chinese system of imperial examinations was expanded and many efficacious improvements were made to Chinese education and to the system of selection of those with talent. She was also particularly good at selecting and using those with talent to help her govern the country. During the fifteen years of her reign Chinese culture and the economy both developed. It is worth noting that at that time, the position of women was higher than at other times in the past. But Wu Zetian had to put up with much negative criticism, some people saying she was ruthless and for the sake of power, when she became empress she killed many people. But if not for her cruel and merciless character, perhaps this legendary empress would never have appeared in Chinese history.

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Note:

1. 值得一提 = to be worth noting

传奇的 is used twice in the essay. This could lead to confusion – was Wu Zetian a historical figure or a figure from a legend? In fact she was historical and ‘legendary’ is only used here figuratively.

Robert Budzul robert@budzul.com
Zak Gray zak_lives@hotmail.com

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Phần dịch tiếng Việt có trong sách bản cứng: Trung Quốc 247: Mái nhà thân thuộc cả nhà nhé!